Nanotoxicology in Humans and the Environment

Contents
Overview of Nanotoxicology in Humans and the Environment; Developments, Challenges and Impacts
Introduction
Nanohazard to Human Health
Introduction
Human Exposure
Inhalation
Ingestion
Dermal Penetration
Ocular Exposure
Translocation from Portal of Entry
Biological Impact
The Oxidative Stress Paradigm and Its Role in Genotoxicity
Pro-inflammatory Response
Summary
Impacts of NMs on Environmental Health
Exposure to NMs via Discharges and Transformation Processes
Sources of NM Discharges
Environmental Transformations of NMs
Hazard of NMs to Organisms
Environmental risks of NMs and Mitigation Strategies
Conclusions
Chapter Summary
References
The Potential Adverse Effects of Engineered Nanomaterial Exposure to Human Health Following Pulmonary, Oral and Dermal Exposure
Introduction
Respiratory Response to Pulmonary Exposure
Cardiovascular Effects of Pulmonary Exposure
Oral Exposure
Dermal Exposure
Conclusions
References
Nanotoxicology in the Environment
Introduction
Characteristics of NMs Modulating their Toxicity
Size
Surface Charge
Shape
Crystal Structure
Dissolution
Environmental Factors Affecting the Toxicity of Nanomaterials
Ionic Strength and pH
Ultraviolet Light
Natural Organic Matter
Review of Recent Research on Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials
Summary and Conclusions
References
Nano-enabled Consumer Products: Inventories, Release, and Exposures
Nano-enabled Consumer Products: Challenges, Inventories, and the Potential for Nanomaterial Release
The CPI and the Nanodatabase
The Consumer Products Inventory (CPI)
The Missing Data Conundrum
Silver ENMs Dominate the CPI
Major Product Categories
Exposures
Similar Findings Across Inventories
The Nanodatabase and Use of Nanomaterials in Consumer Products in the EU
Development of Nanoproduct Commercialization
Distribution of Nanoproducts in Product Categories and Subcategories
Nanomaterials Reported to Be Used
Biocidal Products and Treated Articles
The Release of Nanomaterials from Consumer Products
Nanomaterial Analysis in Consumer Products
Analytical Methods and Sample Preparation
Human Exposure to Nano-enabled Consumer Products
Environmental Release
Solid Waste Flows from Nano-enabled Consumer Products
Conclusion and Outlook: Toxicological Implications of Exposure to Nano-enabled Consumer Products
References
Factors Affecting Nanoparticle Dose–Exposure and Cell Response
Introduction
Physicochemical Properties of Nanoparticle Dispersions and Suspensions
Administered, Delivered and Cellular Dose
Outlook
References
Mapping Exposure onto Nanoscale Toxicity Measures
Introduction
Assessment Methodologies
Prioritizing and Screening Potentially Toxic Agents
Emerging Focus on Near-Field Exposure Assessments
Exposure Probability Assessments
Mapping Exposure Metrics onto Toxicity Values
Routes and Pathways of Exposure
The Inhalation Route
Respiratory Fluid Dynamics
Toxicokinetics
Exposure Models
Exposure Estimation
Conclusions
References
Nanotoxicology and Risk Perception among Public and Elite Groups
Introduction
Approach and Methods
Methods
Main Findings
The “Problem” of Public Acceptability
Benefit Matters
Application Matters
Risk Signal Matters
Equity and Politics Matter
Counter-Intuitive Toxicology
Nano Poses a Major Regulatory Challenge
Regulatory Anxiety
Expert Diversity
Industry at Sea
Expert Engagement
Governance and Public Participation: The Art and Science of Public Engagement
The Public Is Readily Engaged
Engaging Organized Groups of the Public
Public Participation
Summary
References
EU Regulations and Nanotechnology Innovation
EU Regulations: An Introduction
Introduction to the EU REACH Legislation
EU Regulatory History for Nanomaterials
A Recommended EU Definition of Nanomaterial
The REACH Regulation and Nanomaterials
Amendment of REACH Annexes to Include Nanomaterials and Nanoforms
Vertical Regulations Within the European Union
Nanomaterials Within Cosmetics
Nanomaterials Within Food Production
Food Information and Labelling
Novel Foods
Food Additives
Food Contact Materials
Active and Intelligent Food Contact Materials
Nanomaterials and Biocides
Organic Production and Labelling of Organic Products
Nanomaterials Within Medicinal Products (Pharmaceuticals)
Nanomaterials and Medical Devices
Nanomaterials and Electrical Equipment
Country Specific Registers for Nanomaterials
Innovation to Bring Safe Nanomaterials to the Market: Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) and Safe(r) by Design (SbD)
References
Index