Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: An Insight into Advanced Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Biomimetic Systems in Tissue Engineering
Introduction
Metallic Nanoparticles
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
Ceramic Nanoparticles
Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles
Silica Nanoparticles
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Applications of Nanotechnology in Different Fields of TE
Stem Cell Engineering
Ocular Regeneration
Nanoparticles in Dental Regeneration
Nanoparticles in Skeletal Regeneration
Biomimetic Nanoscaffolds for Nerve Regeneration
Nanoparticles in Cardiac Regeneration
Nanoparticles in Skin Regeneration
Patents
Future Prospects and Limitations
Summary
References
Chapter 2: Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery in Regenerative Medicine
Introduction
Graphene for Bone Tissue Engineering
Graphene for Wound Healing
Graphene for Immunotherapy
Graphene for Muscle and Neuron Tissue Engineering
Black Phosphorus
Layered Double Hydroxides
Clays for Wound Healing
Clays for Bone Tissue Engineering
Metal Oxides and Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets
Other Nanosheets
Future Prospects
References
Chapter 3: Potential of Nanoparticles as Next Generation Therapeutics in Tissue Regeneration
Introduction
Nanomaterials in Diabetes-Related Wound Complications
Cancer Management and Nanoparticles
Nanomaterials in Orthopaedics
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 4: Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Introduction
Stem Cell Classification
Classification based on Differentiation Ability
Totipotent Stem Cells
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Multipotent Stem Cells
Oligopotent Cells
Unipotent Stem Cells
Classification based on Origin
Embryonic Stem Cells
Embryonic Germ Cells
Amniotic Epithelial Cells
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells
Adult Stem Cells
Haematopoietic Stem Cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Mesenchymal Stem Cells/Stromal Cells
Neural Stem Cells
Pancreatic Stem Cells
Skin Stem Cells
Cancer Stem Cells
Stem Cell Therapy
Stem Cell Therapy in Neurological Disorders
Parkinson’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease
Cardiac Problems
Stem Cells in Wildlife Conservation
Stem Cell Therapy in Regenerative Medicine
ESCs
TSPSCs
MSCs
UCSCs
BMSCs
iPSCs (induced Pluripotent Stem Cells)
Stem Cell Nanotechnology
Nanomaterials
Osteogenic Differentiation and Neuronal Differentiation using Graphene Scaffolds
Stem Cell Differentiation using Inorganic Nanoparticles
Osteogenic Differentiation using Inorganic NPs
NSCs Differentiation using NPs
Stem Cell Differentiation using Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds and Nanofibres
Nanomaterials for Cell Labelling, Tracking, and Therapy
Gold NP Conjugates
Quantum Dots
Magnetic NPs
Upconversion NPs
Photothermal Therapy of Cancer using Gold Nanorods-Labelled Stem Cells
Regenerative Treatment and Drug Delivery using Nanomaterials
Nanomaterial-Assisted Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration
Nano/Biomaterial-Treated Stem Cells in Regeneration of Heart and Liver
NPs-Labelled Stem Cells for Drug Delivery
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 5: The Emerging Role of Exosome Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine
Introduction
What are Extracellular Vesicles?
The Biogenesis Pathway of Exosomes and Their Distinction with other Cell-Derived Vesicles
Methods of Isolation and Characterisation
EV Usages in Medicine
Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells
Exosomes in Tissue Repairing and Regeneration
Neural Regeneration
Myocardial Regeneration
Hepatic Regeneration
Renal Regeneration
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Cutaneous Regeneration
Other Organs
Extracellular Vesicles and COVID-19
Engineering Strategies for Tissue Repair and Regeneration
Limitations and Prospects
References
Chapter 6: Bioceramic Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering
Introduction
Characteristic of Bioceramic Nanoparticles
Bioinert Nanoceramics
Bioactive Glass Nanoceramics
Bioresorbable Nanoceramics
Possible Application of Bioceramic Nanoparticles
Conclusion and Future Trends
References
Chapter 7: Organoids as an Emerging Tool for Nano-Pharmaceuticals
Introduction
Efficient Organoid Derivation with Mechanical Perturbations
Artificial Extracellular Matrices as a Tool for Microenvironmental Engineering
Role of Nanoparticles as External Stimuli For Matrix Modelling
Active Manipulation of Matrix for Organoid Development
Generating Forces from by NP Internalisation
Organoids as Tools for Drug Discovery
Trojan Horse System and Nanotechnology: A Novel Drug Delivery Approach
References
Chapter 8: Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels as Functional Vectors for Standardised Therapeutics in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Introduction: Hyaluronan for Tailorable Regenerative Medicine Products
Industrial Transposition and Clinical Translation of Standardised Complex Biologicals
Harnessing Regenerative Potentials of Biologicals for Optimised Clinical Benefits
General Properties, Physiological, and Therapeutic Roles of Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels
General Physical and Chemical Properties of Hydrogels
Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogel Definitions
Essential Physiological Roles of Hyaluronan and Related Bioengineering
Mechanisms Governing Physiological Hyaluronan Functions and Fate in the Skin
Pivotal Physiological Roles of Hyaluronan in Tissular Repair
Biotechnological Applications of Hyaluronan in Cell Culture Systems
Diversified Industrial Applications of Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels
Designing, Manufacturing, and Characterising Hyaluronan-Based Therapeutic Hydrogels
Hyaluronan-Based Therapeutic Hydrogels: Design Considerations
Background and Modern Processes for Hyaluronan Sourcing
Establishing Hyaluronan Raw Material Specifications and Characterisation Workflows
Hyaluronan Grade, Molecular Weight, and Polydispersity
Vast Potential for Hyaluronan Derivation by Conjugation or Cross-Linking
Overview of Hyaluronan Conjugation Processes
Overview of Hyaluronan Cross-Linking Processes
Specifications for Therapeutic Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogel Products: Dermal Fillers and Viscosupplements
Sterilisation of Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogel Products
Characterisation Workflows for Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels
Safety Evaluation of Hyaluronan-Based Products
Developing Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels for Therapeutic Cell Delivery
Therapeutic Cellular Materials for cATMPs
Relative Proportions of Hyaluronan and Therapeutic Cells
Cell Encapsulation within Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels
Viscosity Tuning in Hyaluronan-Based Cell Therapies
Biochemical Signalling and Protein Transport within Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels
Complex Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels for Therapeutic Cell Delivery
Self-Assembling Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels for Optimal Responsiveness and Behaviour
Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogel Stability and Degradation
Regulatory-Guided Hyaluronan-Based Biological Combination Product Development
Tissue Engineering Clinical Applications of Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels for Standardised Cell Therapies
Clinical Hindsight and Advantages of Hyaluronan-Based Therapeutics
Topical Management of Burns and Wounds using Hyaluronan-Based Biological Therapies
Hyaluronan-Based Products for Effective Management of OA using Autologous PRP
Effective Modulation of Cartilage Repair by Hyaluronan-Based Therapies
Importance of Standardised Cell Sources in Regenerative Medicine Products and Therapies
Facilitated Translational Research using Standardised FPC Sources for Complex Biological Products
Swiss Foetal Progenitor Cell Transplantation Program for FPC Sourcing and cATMP Development
Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels for Cell Delivery of Banked FPCs
Nanoscale Hyaluronan-Based Biological Combination Products for Optimised Regenerative Effects
Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9: Extracellular Matrix: The State of the Art in Regenerative Medicine
Introduction
The Extracellular Matrix
Application of Extracellular Matrix
Cardiac Extracellular Matrix
Extracellular Matrix in Brain
Pulmonary Extracellular Matrix
Extracellular Matrix in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Hydrogels with Ubiquitous Roles in Biomedicine and Tissue Regeneration
Introduction
Biomaterials
Hydrogels
Classification of Hydrogels
Nature of Crosslinking
Smart Hydrogels
Based on Source
Based on Methods of Preparation
Based on Ionic Charge
Methods of Preparation for Hydrogel
Characterisation of Hydrogels
Types of Tissue Engineering
Cornea TE
Tendon TE
Skin TE
Neural TE
Meniscus TE
Nucleus Pulposus TE
Dental TE
Bone TE
Cartilage TE
Cardiac TE
Patents on Hydrogels
Summary
References
Chapter 11: Lutein: A Nutraceutical Nanoconjugate for Human Health:
Introduction
The Biological Value of Lutein
Bioavailability of Lutein
Lutein Nanoconjugates
Lutein-Loaded Liquid Nanoconjugates
Lutein-Loaded Nanoemulsions
Lutein-Loaded Nanoliposomes
Lutein-Loaded Nanopolymersomes
Lutein-Loaded Solid Nanoconjugates
Lutein-Loaded Nanocrystals
Lutein-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles
Lutein-Loaded Nanopolymeric Encapsulates
Lutein Nanoconjugates as Nutraceutical Supplements
Release of Lutein from Nanoconjugates
Cellular Uptake of Lutein Released from Nanoconjugates
Lutein Permeation Through Simulated Gut Models
Oral Bioavailability of Lutein Nanoconjugates in an Animal Model
Oral Bioavailability of Lutein Nanoconjugates in Humans
Concerns Related to Nanoconjugates of Lutein
Toxicity of Lutein Nanoconjugates
Regulatory Concerns
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Advances in Nanonutraceuticals: Indian Scenario:
Introduction
Nutraceuticals in India
Nutraceuticals: A Natural Approach
Nanotechnology
From Nanopharmaceuticals to Nanonutraceuticals
Materials Used in Nanoencapsulation
Nanoparticles in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Gold Nanoparticles in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Silver Nanoparticles in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Role of Herbal Plants in Regenerative Medicine
Medicinal Plants
Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants
Examples of Medicinal Plants
Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics
Synbiotics
Role of Nanotechnology in Pre, Pro, and synbiotics
Traditional Medicine System
Ayurveda
Ayurveda in Regenerative Medicine
Ayurveda and Nanodrug Delivery System
Ayurveda and Rejuvenation
Unani
Nanoemulsion in Unani Medicine
Unani and Regenerative Medicine
Siddha
Siddha and Nanotechnology
References
Chapter 13: Synthetic Nanoparticles for Anticancer Drugs
Introduction
Anticancer Activity of Nanoparticles
Synthesis of Magnetic NPs of Cathelicidin LL-37
Nanoparticle Synthesis Gold-Plated Fucoidan Mimetic Glycopolymer
Green Synthesised Gold NPs from Marsdenia tenacissima
Polybutyl Cyanoacrylic NPs Coated with Hyaluronic Acid as Anticancer Drug Carriers
Synthesis of Green Silver Nanoparticles using Cleome viscosa
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Melia dubia
References
Chapter 14: A ‘Biomaterial Cookbook’: Biochemically Patterned Substrate to Promote and Control Vascularisation in Vitro and in Vivo
Introduction
A Bit of History …
The Role of ECM in Angiogenesis Inspires the Design of ECM Mimetics
The Biomolecular Fundamentals Angiogenesis
Biopatterning of Substrates for Angiogenesis
The Cell ‘Ingredients’
Substrate Materials
Polysaccharide-Based Substrates
Protein- and Polypeptide-based Substrates
Synthetic-Based Biomaterials
Physical Properties
Porosity
Elasticity
Surface Morphology and Topology
Surface Chemistry
Degradability
Presentation and Delivery of Angiogenic Stimuli
Inorganic Ions
Cytokines and Chemokines
Bioactive Proteins and Protein-mimetic Peptides
Protein Loading for In-Solution Release
Matrix-Bound Proteins and Protein Mimetics
The Next-Frontier of Matrix-Bound Protein: Gradients
Controlled Dose and Release Rates
Analytical Techniques
Future Outlook and Perspective
References
Chapter 15: Nanopharmaceuticals in Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Introduction
Harvesting Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells (hPDLSCs) from Extracted Teeth for Osteogenic, Fibrogenic, and Cementogenic Differentiation
Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffold and Interactions with Stem Cells for Bone Tissue Engineering
Dental Resins Containing Nanoparticles and Antibacterial Agents to Inhibit Oral pathogens/Infection and Strengthen Tooth Roots
Resin Containing Calcium Fluoride Nanoparticles (Nano-CaF 2) to Promote Periodontal Regeneration
Nanostructured Scaffolds with hPDLSCs for Periodontal Regeneration
Novel Delivery of Metformin in Nanoapatite Scaffolds for Stem Cell-Based Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Nanoapatite Scaffold to Deliver Human Platelet Lysate and Stem Cells
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 16: Nanopharmaceuticals in Cardiovascular Medicine
What Are Nanoparticles
Types of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles in Diagnosis and Imaging
Cardiovascular Diseases and Nanoparticles
Limitations of NDDSS
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 17: Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Medicine: Trends in Myocardial Infarction Therapy
Introduction: Cardiovascular Disease in Brief
An Overview of Nanoparticles and Prospects in Cardiovascular Medicine
Trends in Nanoparticle Use for Myocardial Infarction Therapy
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Synthetic Polymeric Nanoparticles
Poly(ethyl glycol) (PEG)-modified Polymeric Nanoparticles
Natural Polymeric Nanoparticles
Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes
Artificial Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes
Other Types of Nanoparticles
Dendrimers
Metallic Nanoparticles
Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 18: Three-Dimensional Printing: Future of Pharmaceutical Industry
Introduction
Brief History about 3D Printing
Technique Involved in 3D Printing
Laser-Based Technique
Stereolithography
Advantages
Disadvantages
Pharmaceutical Applications of Stereolithography
Selective Laser Sintering
Advantages
Pharmaceutical Applications
Extrusion or Nozzle-Based Technique
Fused Deposition Modelling
Advantages
Disadvantages
Inkjet Printing (IJP) or Ink-Based Printing Technology
Inkjet Printing
Continuous Inkjet Printing
Drop On Demand (DOD)
Thermal Inkjet Printing
Piezoelectric Inkjet Printing
Electrostatic Inkjet Printing
Electrohydrodynamic Inkjet Printing
Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications of Inkjet Printing
Personalised Drug Delivery System
Microparticles
Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Microneedle
Other Applications of 3D Printing
Wound Dressing
Implant and Protheses
Surgical Model or Medical Phantoms
Bioprinting and Organs-On-Chip
Challenges in 3D Printing
Selection of Raw Material
Mechanism of a Nozzle
Spillage of Powder
Selection of Excipient
Future Prospects
Summary
Abbreviations
References
Index