Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Fatigue Failure Mechanism

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Musculoskeletal Disorders

Hands-on guidance and tools for the prevention of musculoskeletal injuries in the workplace

In Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Fatigue Failure Mechanism, a team of accomplished occupational health experts delivers an essential and incisive discussion of how musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) develop and progress, as well as how they can be prevented and controlled. Offering a novel, evidence-based approach to this costly problem, the book has broad implications for employers, insurers, and other stakeholders in workplace health and safety.

The authors identify new risk assessment approaches based on the cumulative effects of exposure to highly variable loading conditions. These new approaches can also be applied to evaluate the efficacy of job rotation scenarios and to quantify exoskeleton efficacy. The complexities associated with fatigue failure in biological environments are also explored in addition to suggested models for understanding how the body maintains musculoskeletal homeostasis.

Readers will also find:

  • Thorough introductions to the material properties of musculoskeletal tissues and the fundamental principles of fatigue failure analysis
  • In-depth explorations of the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system and up-to-date epidemiological research on MSDs
  • Comprehensive discussions of validated fatigue failure risk assessment methods, including continuous exposure assessment to better quantify injury risk
  • Insightful treatments of remodeling and healing processes as they apply to MSD risk, as well as factors that impair the healing process, like stress, obesity, and aging

Perfect for occupational and environmental health and safety (OEHS) professionals, Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Fatigue Failure Mechanism will also earn a place in the libraries of ergonomists, physical therapists, biomechanists, industrial hygienists, occupational physicians, orthopedists, and musculoskeletal disorder researchers.

Author(s): Sean Gallagher, Mary F. Barbe
Publisher: Wiley
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 460
City: Hoboken

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1 Introduction
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Common Musculoskeletal Disorders
Overview
Burden of MSDs
Common Musculoskeletal Disorders
Low Back Pain
UE Tendon and Muscle Disorders
Upper Extremity Muscle Disorders: Fatigue, Myalgia, and Fibrosis
Nerve Disorders
Hand-arm Vibration Syndrome
Commonalities Among MSDs
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
A Systems View of the Musculoskeletal System
Connective Tissues: General Overview
General Connective Tissue Structure
General Subtypes: Structure and Function
Skeletal (Striated) Muscle
Skeletal Muscle Structure
Tendon
Tendon Structure
Function of Tendon Components
Cartilage
Structure
Hyaline Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Bone
Bone Structure
Bone Function
Ligament
Ligament Structure
Ligament Function
Joints
Structure of Synarthroses
Structure of Diathroses (Synovial Joints)
Function of Joints
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 4 Structure and Function of the Nervous System and Its Relation to Pain
Overview
A Systems View of the Nervous System
An Introduction to Cellular Components of the Nervous System
Neurons
Glial Cells
Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nerve Histology
Synapses, Including Neuromuscular Junctions
Basic Nerve Physiology
Interactions of Peripheral Nerves with the Musculoskeletal System
Innervation of Skin
Innervation of Deep Fascia
Innervation of Muscles
Innervation of Tendons
Innervation of Bone
Innervation of Ligaments and Other Joint Structures
Central Nervous System Components that Interact with the Musculoskeletal System
Spinal Sensory-Motor Reflex Circuits
Ascending Pathways of Pain Transmission
Descending Modulatory Pathways of Pain Transmission
Pain
Types of Pain
Neuroplasticity and Pain
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Fundamental Biomechanics Concepts
Introduction
Newton’s Laws
Newton’s First Law
Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s Third Law
Scalars
Vectors
Moments
Biomechanical Modeling
Static Biomechanical Modeling
Dynamic Biomechanical Modeling
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 6 Material Properties of Musculoskeletal and Peripheral Nerve Tissues
Overview
Fundamentals of Materials Science
Hooke’s Law
Stress Versus Strain
Stress–Strain Curve and Young’s Modulus
Material Deformation of Musculoskeletal Tissues
Viscoelastic Properties
Responses of Viscoelastic Materials to Static Loading Conditions
Hysteresis
General Characteristics of Deformation in Musculoskeletal Tissues
Isotropy Versus Anisotropy
Material Properties of Musculoskeletal Components
Tendons/Ligaments
Cartilage
Bone
Skeletal Muscle
Material Properties of Peripheral Nerves
Strength
Strain
Elastic Modulus
Age
Effects of Exercise
Effects of Injury and Repair
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 7 Fatigue Failure of Musculoskeletal Tissues
Introduction
Ex Vivo Studies of Fatigue Failure in Musculoskeletal Tissues
Tendon
Ligaments
Spinal Motion Segments
Cartilage
Bone
Summary of Ex Vivo Fatigue Testing
In Vivo Studies of Fatigue Failure
Tendons
Cartilage
Bone
Skeletal Muscle
Summary of In Vivo Studies
Epidemiological Data
Force-Repetition Interaction in Epidemiological Studies
Fatigue Failure-Based Risk Assessment Tools
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 8 MSDs as a Fatigue Failure Process
Introduction
Prior Models and Approaches
Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation
The Psychophysical Method
Static Biomechanical Modeling
The Lumbar Motion Monitor Model
Upper Extremity Risk Assessment Tools
The Strain Index
The Threshold Limit Value for Hand Activity
Summary of Prior Models
Considering MSD Risk Factors from the Fatigue Failure Perspective
The Consistent Emergence of Select Risk Factors
Adoption of Non-neutral Postures
Vibration Exposure
MSD Physical Risk Factor Summary: Fatigue Failure as a Unifying Framework
Benefits of the Fatigue Failure Model
A Potential Causal Mechanism
Validated Methods of Cumulative Exposure
Accounting for Remodeling/Healing Impacts in Musculoskeletal Injuries
Understanding the Influence of Personal Characteristics on MSD Risk
Combining Cumulative Damage from Dynamic and Static Loading
Counting Cycles in Variable Amplitude Loading
Assessment of MSD Risk Associated with Job Rotation
Evaluating the Risk Reduction Due to Exoskeleton Use
Other Potential Applications of Fatigue Failure
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Fatigue Failure Analysis
Introduction
Fatigue Terminology
Mechanisms of Fatigue Failure
The Stress-Life (S–N) Curve
Plastic Strain Fatigue Life Estimation Methods
Morrow Energy Model
The Coffin–Manson Model
Cumulative Damage and Residual Strength Models
Effects of Mean Stress on Fatigue Life
Cycle Counting in Variable Amplitude Stress Exposures
Weibull Analysis of Fatigue Life
Creep Loading and Creep-Fatigue
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Fatigue Failure in a Biological Environment
Introduction
A Model of Fatigue Failure in Self-Healing Materials
Responses of Inert Versus Biological Materials to Stress
Healing of Damaged Tissues
Self-Healing in Engineered Materials
Factors Influencing Healing Kinetics
Psychological (Psychosocial) Stress
Effects of Personal Characteristics on Wound Healing
Age
Obesity
Sex
Relationship of Damage Versus Healing Kinetics
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 11 Injury and Self-Repair of Musculoskeletal Tissues
Introduction
Injury-Induced Inflammation
Acute Inflammation—Primary and Secondary Responses
Termination of the Acute Phase Response
Wound Healing—Physiological Versus Pathological
Physiological Wound Healing
Pathological Healing
Unique Injury and Healing Mechanisms and Capacity in Specific Musculoskeletal and Neural Tissues
Tendons
Ligaments
Skeletal Muscle
Cartilage
Bone
Nerve
Effects of Continued Tissue Loading on the Healing Process
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Personal Characteristics and MSD Risk
Introduction
Biological Variability
Age
Effects of Aging on the Musculoskeletal System
Aging Summary
Sex
Effects of Sex on the Musculoskeletal System Components
Summary of Sex Differences in MSD Expression
Body Size and Composition
Impact of Body Size and Composition on Muscle
Impact of Body Size and Composition on Tendons/Ligaments
Impact of Body Size and Composition on Bone
Impact of Body Size and Composition on Cartilage
Fatigue Failure Implications Regarding Personal Characteristics
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Using Fatigue Failure Principles to Assess MSD Risk
Introduction
Application of Fatigue Failure Principles to MSD Risk Assessment
General Principles of Fatigue Failure Theory
Suggested Criteria for Risk Assessment Tools
Fatigue-Failure Based Risk Assessment Tools
The Lifting Fatigue Failure Tool (LiFFT)
The Distal Upper Extremity Tool
The Shoulder Tool
Current and Future Developments
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Exoskeletons (ExoLiFFT)
Using Fatigue Failure Techniques to Evaluate Real-Time Exposure Assessment Data
Assessment of the Effects of Job Rotation
Accounting for Personal Factors and Healing
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 14 Implications for MSD Prevention
Introduction
The importance of Assessing Cumulative Damage
Identifying and Managing Risky Tasks
Stress Reduction/Cycle Reduction
The Load/Repetition Trade-off
The Central Role of Tissue Strength
Impaired Healing and the Fatigue Life of Musculoskeletal Tissues
Rest
Job Rotation
Exoskeletons and MSD Prevention
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 15 Optimizing Musculoskeletal Health
Introduction
General
Avoid a Sedentary Lifestyle
Moderate Exercise
Resistance Training
Nutrition
Avoid Obesity
Sleep
Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Smoking
Combatting the Effects of Aging
Reducing MSD Risk in Occupational Settings
Avoid Cumulative Damage Development from Repeated Stress
Duty Cycles and Work Break Schedules
Avoid Job Rotation to Balance Biomechanical Demands
Avoid Non-neutral Postures
Maximize Fatigue Life
Reduce Psychological Stress
Treatment of Injuries
RICE
Heat and Cold Therapy
Manual Therapies
Medications
Other Regenerative Treatments
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 16 Status of Knowledge and Unanswered Questions
Introduction
Improved Characterization of Musculoskeletal Tissue Properties
Improved Characterization of the Damage Response to Repeated Stress of Musculoskeletal Tissues In Vivo
Characterization of the Remodeling and Healing Responses in Musculoskeletal Tissues
Musculoskeletal Stress Thresholds
Musculoskeletal Tissues in the Resting State
Risk Assessment in Epidemiological Studies
Assessing the Risk of Multiple Loading Modes
Dwell and Combination Loading
Summary
Bibliography
Index
EULA