In an age of antibiotic resistant infections, the study of biofilms is increasingly important. Microbes more than often exist in complex multi-species or polymicrobial communities, making infections difficult to detect, diagnose and treat. Given the increased focus on studying biofilms in research and laboratory settings, particularly under conditions that closely mimic the clinical state, it is important to get an overview of the recent methods, model systems and tools being developed and employed in this context.
This book offers readers the opportunity to learn more about current methods being used in the investigation of multi-species biofilms, both in vivo and in vitro. For this, the book highlights new technologies built and designed for the study of multiple species within biofilm communities, including those that can be leveraged for the evaluation of antimicrobial treatment approaches. The application of these state-of-the-art techniques to further our understanding of multi-species biofilms will be discussed and the reader will learn how the clinical microenvironment and the development of biofilm communities are considered when developing such tools.
With cutting-edge contributions from experts in the respective domains, this book will benefit translational and basic research scientists, as well as clinicians, and is an informative resource for educators and their students.
Author(s): Karishma S. Kaushik, Sophie E. Darch
Series: Springer Series on Biofilms, 12
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 324
City: Cham
Contents
3M´s of Multi-Species Biofilms: Microbial Pathogens, Microenvironments, and Minimalist Laboratory Approaches to Study Multi-Sp...
1 Biofilm Infections
2 Multi-Species Biofilm Infections
3 Microbial Pathogens in Multi-Species Biofilms
3.1 Chronic Wound Biofilms
3.2 Biofilms in Lung Infections
3.3 Biofilms in Oral and Dental Infections
3.4 Biofilms in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
3.5 Biofilms in Urinary Tract Infections
3.6 Biofilms in Medical Device-Associated Infections
4 Microenvironments in Multi-Species Biofilm Infections
4.1 Host Niche Sites
4.2 Chemical and Nutrient Factors in the Microenvironment
4.3 Host Immune Factors in the Microenvironment
4.4 Biophysical and Biomechanical Cues
5 Minimalist Laboratory Approaches to Study Multi-Species Biofilms Under Microenvironmental Conditions Using Wound Fluid Model...
5.1 The Wound Biofilm Microenvironment
5.2 Minimalist In Vitro Wound Fluid Models and Their Applications to Multi-Species Biofilm Studies
5.2.1 Serum-Based Wound Fluid Models
5.2.2 Plasma-Based Wound Fluid Models
5.2.3 Composite Wound Fluid Models
5.2.4 Miscellaneous Wound Fluid Models
6 An Outline to Develop Minimalist In Vitro Milieu Models for a Range of Multi-Species Biofilm Infection States
7 Conclusions
References
Methods for the Visualization of Multispecies Biofilms
1 Introduction
2 Methods for the Visualization of Biofilms
2.1 Optical-Coherence-Tomography
2.2 Microscopy Approaches
2.2.1 Light Microscopy
2.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.2.3 Atomic Force Microscopy
2.2.4 Fluorescent Microscopy
2.2.5 Confocal Microscopy
2.2.6 Association of Microscopy Techniques and Other Imaging Systems
3 Studying the Spatial Organization and Composition of Multispecies Biofilms by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
3.1 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Techniques for the Study of Mixed Biofilms
3.2 Imaging Software and Bioinformatics Tools
4 Concluding Remarks
References
In Vitro, In Vivo, and Ex Vivo Models to Study Mixed Bacterial and Fungal Biofilms
1 Introduction
2 Fungi Models
2.1 In Vitro Models
2.2 Ex Vivo Models
2.3 In Vivo Models
3 Bacterial Models
3.1 In Vitro Models
3.2 Ex Vivo Models
3.3 In Vivo Models
4 Models for Mixed (Fungi and Bacteria) Cultures
4.1 In Vitro Models
4.2 In Vivo Models
4.3 Ex Vivo Models
5 Conclusion
References
Current and Emerging In Vitro and In Vivo Biofilm Models in Investigating Fungal-Bacterial Polymicrobial Communities
1 Introduction
2 In Vitro Fungal: Bacterial Biofilm Models
3 Static Biofilm Models
3.1 Agar Plate/Petri Dish Biofilm Model
3.1.1 Agar Plates
3.1.2 Petri Dishes
3.2 Microtitre Well Plate Biofilm Models
3.3 Microtitre Well Plate Biofilm Models with Various Inserts
3.3.1 Coverslips
3.3.2 Catheter Pieces
3.3.3 Hydroxyapatite Discs
3.3.4 Natural Teeth
3.3.5 Synthetic Biomaterials
3.3.6 Implants
3.3.7 Calgary Biofilm Device
3.3.8 The Amsterdam Active Attachment (AAA) Model
3.4 Modified Robins Device (MRD)
3.5 Transwell Biofilm Model
3.6 Hydrogel Biofilm Model
4 Flow Biofilm Models
4.1 CDC Biofilm Reactor
4.2 Continuous Flow Fermentors
4.2.1 Constant Depth Film Fermentor (CDFF)
4.2.2 Chemostat Fermentors
4.3 Flow Cell Biofilm Models
4.4 Industrial Grade Flow Biofilm Models
4.5 Artificial Mouth Model
5 Ex Vivo Biofilm Models
5.1 Chronic Wound Biofilm Models
5.2 Tissue Culture Biofilm Models
6 In Vivo Models
6.1 Galleria mellonella Larvae Model
6.2 Caenorhabditis elegans Model
6.3 Zebrafish Model
6.4 Mouse/Rat Model
6.5 Sheep Model
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Involvement of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles in Cell-Cell Interactions and Their Role in Multi-Species Communities
1 Introduction
2 OMV Formation
2.1 Cell Envelope Integrity and Remodeling
2.2 Stress Response
2.3 Small Molecule Interactions
2.4 Membrane Lipid Composition
3 Community Interactions
3.1 Bacterial Competition
3.2 Bacterial Cooperation/Pathogen Synergy
4 OMVs in Biofilms
4.1 Presence of OMVs in Biofilms
4.2 OMVs in Biofilm Development
4.3 OMV Formation in Biofilms
4.4 Biofilm OMVs in Time and Space
4.4.1 OMV Variation with Time
4.4.2 OMV Variation with Space
5 Concluding Remarks
References
Polymicrobial Biofilm Models: The Case of Periodontal Disease as an Example
1 Introduction
2 In Vitro Models
2.1 Batch Culture Model Systems
2.1.1 Zürich Biofilm Model
2.1.2 Amsterdam Active Attachment Model
2.1.3 Calgary Biofilm Device (MBEC Assay)
2.1.4 xCELLigence RTCA Single Plate
2.2 Continuous Culture Model System
2.2.1 CDC Biofilm Reactor
2.2.2 Constant Depth Film Fermentor (CDFF)
2.2.3 Flow Cell-Based Systems
3 Modelling the Human-Biofilm Interface: Human Cell Co-culture Based Biofilm Models
4 Modelling the Human-Biofilm Interface: 3D Tissue-Engineered Models as a Solution?
5 In Vivo
5.1 Non-human Primates
5.2 Dogs
5.3 Miniature Pigs
5.4 Ferrets, Minks, and Rabbits
5.5 Rats
5.6 Mice
6 Models Used to Test Association Between Periodontal Disease and Systemic Diseases
6.1 In Vitro
6.2 In Vivo Models of Polymicrobial Bacterial Distribution in Bloodstream
7 Conclusion
References
Polymicrobial Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Infections: Effects on Antimicrobial Susceptibility
1 Cystic Fibrosis Polymicrobial Infections
2 Intraspecies Diversity in CF Lung Infections
3 Polymicrobial Communities Are More Antibiotic Resistant
4 Mechanisms of Reduced Antibiotic Susceptibility in CF Polymicrobial Biofilms
4.1 P. aeruginosa x S. aureus
4.2 P. aeruginosa x S. maltophilia
4.3 P. aeruginosa x Prevotella
4.4 P. aeruginosa x B. cepacia Complex
5 Potential Models for Studying In Vivo Polymicrobial Antibiotic Susceptibility
5.1 CF Rodent Models
5.2 CF Porcine Models
5.3 Other Mammalian CF Models
5.4 Fly and Zebrafish CF Models
6 Conclusions
References
High-Resolution Methods to Study Microbial Interactions in Biofilms
1 High-Resolution Methods to Study Microbial Interactions in Biofilms
2 Culture-Independent Methodologies
3 Culture-Dependent Methodologies
3.1 Static Models
3.2 Solid Growth Media
3.2.1 Agar Plate
3.2.2 Colony Biofilm
4 Closed System Broth Based
4.1 Microtiter Plate
4.2 Calgary Biofilm Device
5 Dynamic Models
5.1 Continuous Flow Systems
5.2 Robbins Device
5.3 Microfluidics
5.4 Alginate Beads
5.5 Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Media (SCFM2)
5.6 Multi-Photon Lithography and Micro-3D-Printing (Bacterial Lobster Traps)
6 Animal Models
6.1 Murine Models of Infection
6.2 Drosophila Melanogaster
6.3 Ciona Robusta
7 Limitations of Current Models and Systems
8 Tools to Observe Physical Positioning
8.1 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM)
9 Methods to Quantify Polymicrobial Interactions
10 Culture-Dependent Approaches
11 Culture-Independent Approaches
11.1 Multi-Omics Approaches to Characterize and Quantify Cross-Feeding and Quorum Sensing (QS)
11.2 High-Resolution Tools to Perform Omics Studies
11.3 Gas-Phase Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
11.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
11.5 Advanced Multi-Mass Spectrometry
12 Visualization Techniques to Provide Context for Polymicrobial Interactions
12.1 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
12.2 Imaging Mass Spectrometry (IMS)
12.3 Micro-3D-Printing and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)
12.4 Biofilm Culture Filtrates
13 Summary
References
Unity in Diversity: Interkingdom Polymicrobial Biofilms in Disease
1 Introduction: An Overview of Interkingdom Polymicrobial Biofilms
2 Bacteria and Fungi: Teaming Together to Bring Down a Bigger Opponent
2.1 Enhanced Biofilm-Associated Virulence Facilitated by Interkingdom Interactions
References
