Plants are confronted with various environmental stresses, the most prominent of which is biotic stress, which results in yield losses. Biotic stresses include damage caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, insects, weeds, and native plants. It occurs to variable degrees in almost all agricultural ecosystems globally. Fungi, bacteria, or viruses may not be present in a given year, although they usually reduce output in the majority of years. Due to changing environmental conditions, plants struggle to attain their full genetic potential for growth and reproduction. This book focuses on understanding the physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in stressed plants and the mechanisms underlying biotic stress tolerance in plants.
Key Features:
Explains the different molecular mechanisms and genetic engineering strategies which have been developed and adopted to cope with consistent environmental changes and global climate change.
It explores the latest developments concerning abiotic and biotic stress response at the molecular level for the improvement of crop quality and sustainable agriculture.
It presents an exploration of the challenges and conceivable solutions to improve yields of the staple of food crops using data on agricultural sciences and omics technology.
It discovers how the better understanding of molecular mechanisms of plant response to different stress would be used to improve the quantitative and qualitative features of crop plants and allied areas.
There will be an inclusion of end-of-chapter problems and case studies.
Author(s): Pawan Shukla, Rakesh Kumar, Anirudh Kumar, Manish K. Pandey
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 289
City: Bristol
PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Editor biographies
Pawan Shukla
Anirudh Kumar
Rakesh Kumar
Manish K Pandey
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Understanding environmental associated biotic stress response in plants
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aspects of biotic stresses
1.2.1 Disease stress due to phytopathogens
1.2.2 Insect stress
1.3 Key genes identified for resistance
1.4 Recent examples of molecular approaches and outcomes
1.5 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive types questions
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Plant adaptive mechanisms against soilborne diseases
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Soilborne pathogens
2.2.1 Fusarium
2.2.2 Macrophomina phaseolina
2.2.3 Rhizoctonia
2.2.4 Pythium and Phytopthora
2.3 Alternative cropping system in control of soilborne pathogens
2.4 Genetic resistance
2.4.1 Identification of resistant varieties and nature of resistance
2.4.2 Identification of quantitative trait locus for resistance to soilborne diseases
2.5 Omics approach to understand the plant response to soilborne pathogens
2.5.1 Transcriptomics
2.5.2 Metabolomics
2.5.3 Proteomics
2.6 Microbial biocontrol agents in management of soilborne diseases
2.7 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive type questions
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 The role of antioxidant system vis-à-vis reactive oxygen species with respect to plant–pathogen interaction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Reactive oxygen species formation, types and their compartments
3.3 ROS types and their target molecules
3.3.1 Superoxide radical (O2•−)
3.3.2 Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
3.3.3 Singlet oxygen (1O2)
3.3.4 Hydroxyl radical (OH•)
3.4 ROS production organelle
3.4.1 Chloroplast
3.4.2 Mitochondria
3.4.3 Peroxisomes
3.4.4 Plasma membrane
3.4.5 Endoplasmic reticulum
3.4.6 Apoplast
3.5 ROS defense weapons of plants during pathogen interaction
3.5.1 Enzymatic antioxidants
3.5.2 Non-enzymatic antioxidants
3.6 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive type questions
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Genetic engineering approaches for insect resistance in major agricultural crops
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methods to control insect pest damage on crops
4.3 Insect resistance techniques based on genetic engineering
4.4 Genetic engineering for crop pests
4.4.1 Cry proteins
4.4.2 Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiencis (Bt)
4.4.3 Transgenic (Bt) cotton
4.4.4 Transgenic (Bt) corn
4.4.5 Transgenic legumes
4.4.6 Transgenic (Bt) potato
4.4.7 Transgenic (Bt) brinjal
4.5 Proteinase inhibitors
4.6 Importance of protease inhibitors in genetic engineering of crops for pests
4.7 Vegetative (non-crystalline) insecticidal proteins (Vip) toxins
4.8 Lectins
4.9 Alpha-amylase inhibitors
4.10 Pyramid resistance genes
4.11 Enzymes
4.12 RNA interference (RNAi) approach
4.13 CRISPR/Cas9
4.14 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive type questions
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Plant defense system and role of antimicrobial peptides
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Plant pathogens
5.3 Host invasion by pathogen
5.4 Plant defense mechanisms
5.4.1 Physical defenses
5.4.2 Chemical defense
5.4.3 Pattern triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI)
5.5 Plant antimicrobial peptides
5.5.1 Thionins
5.5.2 Defensins
5.5.3 Hevein-like-peptides
5.5.4 Knottin-type-peptides
5.5.5 α-hairpinin family
5.5.6 Lipid transfer proteins
5.5.7 Snakins
5.5.8 Cyclotide family
5.5.9 Mode of action of AMPs
5.5.10 Application of AMPs for crop improvement
5.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive type questions
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Molecular breeding strategy against yellow mosaic virus in mungbean
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Historical background of yellow mosaic disease
6.3 Overview of yellow mosaic disease: hosts, pathogen, vector and symptoms
6.4 Characterization of begomoviruses associated with yellow mosaic disease
6.5 Genetics of yellow mosaic disease in mungbean
6.6 Breeding approaches for management of YMD in mungbean
6.6.1 Conventional breeding
6.6.2 Screening of mungbean genetic resources for YMD resistance
6.6.3 Wide hybridization for introgression of YMD resistance in mungbean
6.6.4 Creating genetic variability for YMD resistance through mutagenesis in mungbean
6.7 Marker-assisted breeding (MAB)
6.7.1 Identification and validation of linked molecular markers and quantitative trait loci with YMD resistance in mungbean
6.8 Engineering resistance against mungbean yellow mosaic disease
6.9 Conclusions
Objective type questions
Descriptive type questions
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Update on cloning and molecular characterization of bacterial blight resistance genes in rice
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-receptor genes (NB-LRR)
7.2.1 Xa21
7.2.2 Xa3
7.2.3 Xa4
7.3 Sugar transporters (SWEET) genes
7.3.1 xa13
7.3.2 xa25
7.3.3 xa41
7.4 Executor R genes
7.4.1 Xa10
7.4.2 Xa23
7.4.3 Xa27
7.4.4 Xa7
7.5 Other classes of genes
7.5.1 xa5
7.5.2 Xa1
7.6 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive types questions
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Roles of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in modulating plant defense responses
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Different classes of small interfering RNA (siRNA)
8.3 siRNA in pathogen virulence
8.4 siRNA in plant defense responses
8.5 Utility of siRNA in crop improvement
8.6 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive type questions
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) for functional genomics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mechanism of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)
9.3 Advantages of virus-induced gene silencing for functional genomics
9.4 Plant viral vectors designed for virus-induced gene silencing
9.4.1 Tobacco mosaic virus TMV
9.4.2 Brome mosaic virus
9.4.3 Potato virus X (PVX)
9.4.4 African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV)
9.5 Use of VIGS in biotic stress control
9.6 Use of VIGS in abiotic stress response in plants
9.7 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive type questions
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Breeding for resistance against soybean white mold (SWM) through molecular approaches
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Center of origin, species number and their distribution
10.3 Production scenario: global and national
10.4 Soybean diseases and losses—an overview
10.5 Soybean white mold (SWM)/Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR)
10.6 Plant genetic resources—sources of soybean white mold resistance
10.7 Concept of gene pools in soybean breeding
10.8 Genetic enhancement for white mold resistance—a pre-breeding approach
10.9 Core collection for effective utilization of soybean germplasm
10.10 Genetic analysis of soybean white mold disease resistance
10.11 Breeding strategies for development of soybean white mold resistance
10.12 Molecular approaches for disease resistance
10.13 Utilization of PCR-based markers for mapping genomic regions associated with SWM resistance
10.14 Employment of SNP markers discovered through genome-wide association studies against SWM resistance
10.15 Engineering Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance in soybean
10.16 Impact of resistance breeding in soybean
10.17 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive type questions
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Modulation of WRKY transcription factors in plant biotic stress responses
11.1 Introduction
11.2 WRKY TFs: structure, classification and evolution
11.3 WRKY TFs and regulatory mechanisms
11.3.1 Auto-regulation of WRKY genes
11.3.2 Cross-regulation of other WRKY genes
11.3.3 Epigenetic regulation of WRKY genes
11.3.4 Post-transcriptional regulation by miRNA
11.3.5 Regulation of WRKY TFs by MAP kinase signaling pathway
11.4 Crosstalk of plant hormones with WRKY TFs during plant–pathogen interactions
11.5 Role of WRKY TFs during plant biotic stress responses
11.6 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive type questions
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Applications of nanotechnology for disease management in plants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Plant pathogens
12.3 Emergence of nanotechnology in agriculture
12.4 Methods for synthesizing nanoparticles
12.4.1 Top-down approach
12.4.2 Bottom-up approach
12.5 General plant disease management strategies
12.6 Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture
12.7 Nanoformulations of agrochemicals (for administering pesticides, fungicides, insecticides)
12.8 Nanosensors for crop protection
12.9 Biosynthesis of nanoparticles
12.9.1 Bacteria mediated synthesis
12.9.2 Fungal-mediated synthesis
12.9.3 Plant metabolites incorporated synthesis
12.10 Nanomaterials in plant disease management
12.10.1 Silver nanoparticles
12.10.2 Silicon nanoparticles
12.10.3 Carbon nanoparticles
12.10.4 Zinc nanoparticles
12.10.5 Carbon nanotubes
12.10.6 DNA-directed nanoparticles
12.10.7 Chitosan-based NPs against fungal pathogens
12.11 Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
Descriptive type questions
References
