Modern Approaches in Waste Bioremediation: Environmental Microbiology

Preface
Contents
Emerging Pollutants from the Industries and Their Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Technologies for Treatment of Emerging Contaminants
3 Oxidation Techniques
4 Advanced Oxidation Processes
5 Bio-remediation
6 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
Bioremediation: The Remedy to Expanding Pollution
1 Introduction
2 Bioremediation
3 Factors Involved in Cleaning Pollution Through Bioremediation
3.1 Biological Factors
3.2 Environmental Factors
4 Techniques Used in Bioremediation
5 Approaches of Bioremediation
6 Recent Researches on Bioremediation
6.1 Bioinformatics Approaches in Bioremediation
6.2 Nano-Technological Approaches in Bioremediation
7 Conclusion
References
Exploration of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) for Heavy Metal Bioremediation and Environmental Sustainability: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
1 Introduction
2 Heavy Metals Toxicity and Environmental Significance
3 Remediation Strategy of Heavy Metals
4 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
5 How do PGPR Scrimmage with Heavy Metal Toxicity?
6 Direct and Indirect Impact of PGPR on Plant Health
7 Synergistic Interconnection of Plants and PGPR in Heavy Metal Remediation
8 Conclusions and Future Prospective
References
Decontamination Strategies and Technologies for Tackling COVID-19 Hospitals and Related Biomedical Waste
1 Intrduction
1.1 Definition
1.2 Biomedical-Waste Classifications
1.3 Health Care Institutions Generating Waste
1.4 Categories of Biomedical Waste
1.5 Covid-19 Pandemic and Increase in Biomedical Waste
2 Biomedical Waste Treatment Methodologies
2.1 Waste Segregation
2.2 Waste Storage
2.3 Containers and Their Label
2.4 Organic Waste Management
2.5 Treatment and Disposal Method
3 Disinfection and Reprocessing Techniques of Covid-19 Waste
3.1 Disinfection Using Incineration
3.2 Disinfection Using Alternative Thermal Techniques
3.3 Chemical Disinfection Technique
3.4 Disinfection Technique for Processing of Personal Protective
3.5 Common Safety Measures on Disinfection Process
4 Present Scenario of COVID Waste Management Worldwide
4.1 On-Site Treatment of COVID-Waste in China
4.2 COVID-Waste Management in South Korea
4.3 Using Resources to Handle COVID Waste Efficiently in Spain
4.4 COVID-19 Waste Management Strategies in Kenya
4.5 COVID-19 Waste Management Strategies in Australia
4.6 Strategies for Management of COVID-19 Waste in Sri Lanka
4.7 COVID-19 Waste Management from Bangladesh’s Perspective
4.8 Identification and Isolation of COVID-Waste for a Safer Treatment in India
5 Recommendation
6 Conclusion
References
Bioremediation of Chlorinated Compounds
1 Introduction
2 Concept of Bioremediation
3 Sources and Distribution of Chlorinated Compounds in the Environment
4 Types of Bioremediation Techniques for Chlorinated Compounds
4.1 Biopile
4.2 Windrows
4.3 Bioreactors
5 The Role of Microorganisms in the Bioremediation of Chlorinated Compounds
6 Human Exposure and Health Impact of Chlorinated Compounds
7 Processes and Mechanisms in Bioremediation of Chlorinated Compounds
8 Advantages and Limitations of Bioremediation for Chlorinated Compounds
9 Conclusion and Future Trend
References
Removal of Heavy Metals Using Bio-remedial Techniques
1 Introduction
2 Physicochemical and Biological Methods for the Removal of Heavy Metals
3 Transport Mechanisms of Heavy Metals
4 Impact of Heavy Metals on Human Health and the Environment
5 Recent Reports on Removal of Heavy Metals Through Bio-remedial
6 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
Municipal Wastewater as Potential Bio-refinery
1 Introduction
2 Potential of Municipal Waste Water Pollutant
3 Concept of Wastewater Biorefinery
3.1 Initial or Preparatory Treatment
3.2 Primary Treatment
3.3 Secondary Municipal Wastewater Treatment
3.4 Advanced or Tertiary Wastewater Treatment
4 Application of Wastewater Biorefinery
4.1 Different Categories of Raw Material for Wastewater Biorefineries
4.2 Waste Water Source for Production of Valuable Products
4.3 Wastewater Biorefineries Source for Irrigation
4.4 Prevent Waterborne Pollution
5 Integration of Waste Water Treatment
6 Bioreactor Design Requirement of Wastewater Biorefinery Includes
7 Designs
7.1 Stirred Tank Reactor for Aerobic Treatment of Waste Water
7.2 Flatplate Photobioreactors
7.3 Plastic Bag Photobioreactor
7.4 Packed Bed Biofilm Reactors
7.5 Moving Bed Bioreactors
7.6 Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactors
8 Conclusions
References
Phytoremediation of Metals and Radionuclides
1 Introduction
2 Hazardous Wastes
2.1 Heavy Metals: Sources and Toxicity
2.2 Radionucleotides: Sources and Toxicity
3 Pollutant Remediation Strategies
4 Phytoremediation
4.1 Pollutant Removal via Phytoremediation
5 Challenges and Conclusion
References
Anaerobic Biotechnology: Implementations and New Advances
1 Introduction
2 Anaerobic Technology as a Tool to Promote a Sustainable Development
3 Anaerobic Granulation and Granular Sludge Reactor Systems
3.1 Hydrogen Production
3.2 Methane Production
3.3 Bio-hythane Production
4 Challenge and Recent Advances in Anaerobic Technology
4.1 Rapid Start-Up Under Ambient Temperature
4.2 Inhibitors
4.3 Internal Circulation Reactor
5 Conclusion
References
Remediation of Soil Contaminated with Heavy Metals by Immobilization with Organic and Inorganic Amendments
1 Introduction
2 Sources of Heavy Metal Ions in Soil
3 Immobilization of Heavy Metal Ions in Polluted Soil
3.1 Materials Used in Heavy Metal Ions Immobilization in Soil
3.2 Characteristics and Mechanism of Action of Sorbents Used in Immobilization of Heavy Metal Ions in Soil
4 Conclusions
References
Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid and Its Application in Bioremediation: A Critical Review
1 γ-PGA Biosynthesis
2 The Physiological Role of γ-PGA in Bacteria
3 Degradation of γ-PGA
4 Strategies to Improve Microbial Productivity
5 Strategies to Reduce Fermentation Costs
6 The Applications of γ-PGA
7 γ-PGA in Bioremediation
7.1 Wastewater Treatment
7.2 Soil Bioremediation
8 Open Challenges and Perspectives
References
Metagenomics Analysis of Extremophiles and Its Potential Use in Industrial Waste Water Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Extremophiles and Their Characteristic Features
2.1 Organisms
2.2 Characteristics and Adaptations
3 Bioprospecting of Extremozymes in Industrial Wastewater treatment
3.1 Extremozymes Having Potential in Industrial Waste Water Treatment
4 Metagenomics Analysis
4.1 Structural Metagenomics
4.2 Functional Metagenomics
4.3 DNA Extraction
4.4 16S rRNA Sequencing
4.5 Assembly
4.6 Binning
4.7 Annotation
5 Optimization of Waste Water Treatment Using Metagenomics and Meta Transcriptomic Analysis
6 Design of Novel Enzymes from Extreme Environments Using Metagenomic Analysis for Effective Bioremediation
7 Conclusion
References
Prospects of Nanobioremediation as a Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Technology in Separation of Heavy Metals From Industrial Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Structure and Characteristic Properties of Nanomaterials
3 The Science Behind Nanobioremediation
4 Formation of Nanoparticles Using Natural Sources
4.1 Sources for Synthesis of Nanoparticles
4.2 Solvents
4.3 Factors Modulating Formation of Metal Nanoparticles
4.4 Identification and Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Waste Water
5 Coating of Nanomaterials Inside Microbes for Effective Bioremediation
6 Conclusion
References
Nanotechnology for Bioremediation of Industrial Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction of Nano Bioremediation for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
1.1 The Main Source of Water Pollutants
1.2 The Science Behind the Use of Nanomaterials in Bioremediation
1.3 Outline of the Nano Biosynthesis Mechanism Used in Bioremediation
2 The Method Used in Bioremediation of Wastewater
2.1 Adsorption
2.2 Photocatalysis
2.3 Redox Reaction
2.4 Disinfection
2.5 Membrane
3 Nanoparticles Used in Bioremediation
3.1 Nanoparticle Synthesized by Plants
3.2 Nanoparticles Produced by Bacteria
3.3 Nanoparticles Produced by Yeast and Fungi
4 Target Specific Removal of Pollutants Using Nano Bioremediation
4.1 Metal or Non-Metal
4.2 Organic or Inorganic Molecules
4.3 Microorganism
5 Recent Research Trends and Advances in Bioremediation
6 The Drawback of Nano Bioremediation
7 Conclusion
References
Plant Mediated Nanomaterials: An Overview on Preparation Strategies, Characterisation, and Their Potential Application in Remediation of Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
3 Role of Phytocompounds in Nanoparticles Synthesis
4 Characterization of Nanoparticles
5 Different Types of Plant Mediated Nanoparticles Helping in Dye Degradation and Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solution
5.1 Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) Nanoparticle
5.2 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticle
5.3 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle
5.4 Bimetallic/Trimetallic Nanoparticle
6 Remediation Potential of Phyto-Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment
6.1 Dye Degradation from Wastewater
6.2 Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solution
6.3 Desorption Analysis
7 Challenges and Future Prospects
8 Conclusion
References
Bacteria and Pollutants
1 Introduction
2 Novel Waste Generated in the Twenty-First Century
3 Solid and Liquid Waste
4 Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Waste
5 Non-Hazardous Waste
6 Traditional Strategies of Waste Disposal (Solid and Liquid Waste)
7 Soil Microbes Associated with Municipal Solid Waste
8 Role of Bacteria in Treatment Systems
9 Novel Strategies of Waste Treatment by Using Bacteria
10 Bacteria and Liquid Waste Management—Novel Strategies
11 Roles and Dynamics of Microorganisms in Wastewater Treatment Systems
11.1 Bacteria
11.2 Protozoa
11.3 Viruses
11.4 Fungi
11.5 Algae
References
Biofilms in Porous Media
1 Introduction
2 Morphological Features of Biofilms in Porous Media
3 Bacterial Interactions with Porous Media
4 Bacterial Transportation in Porous Media
5 Effect of Growth of Biofilm on Porous Media Hydrodynamics
6 Visualization of Biofilms in Porous Media
7 Biofilm Systems in Porous Media as Models
8 Nature and Innovation of Biofilms in Porous Media
8.1 Profound Subsurface Biofilms for Improved Oil Recovery and Carbon Capture
8.2 Biofilm Reactors with Porous Media in Industry and Waste Treatment
8.3 Biofilm Barriers in the Subsurface for Contaminated Groundwater Control and Remediation
9 Conclusion
References
Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Bioremediation Approach
1 Introduction
2 Industrial Wastewater and its Current Status
2.1 Distillery Wastewater
2.2 Pulp and Paper Industry
2.3 Tannery Industry
3 Types of Heavy Metals
3.1 Cadmium
3.2 Chromium
3.3 Nickel
3.4 Lead
3.5 Copper
3.6 Zinc
3.7 Mercury
3.8 Arsenic
4 The Effects of Heavy Metals Released from Industries on Natural Water Bodies and Living Organisms
4.1 Effect of Heavy Metals on Human
5 Conventional Treatment and Technologies for Heavy Metal Removal
5.1 Ion Exchange
5.2 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
5.3 Membrane Filtration
5.4 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
6 Bioremediation and its Mechanism
7 Interaction Between the Metals and Microorganisms
8 Types of Bioremediations
8.1 Microbial Bioremediation
8.2 Algal Bioremediation (Phycoremediation)
8.3 Phytoremediation (Plant bioremediation)
8.4 Nano-Bioremediation
9 Advantages of Bioremediation for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
10 Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities
11 Conclusion
References
Membrane Reactor and Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor for Tannery Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
1.1 Characteristics of Tannery Wastewater
1.2 Conventional Treatment Process
1.3 Advanced Treatment Process
2 Membrane System
2.1 Principle of Membrane System
2.2 MBR Configuration for TWW Treatment
2.3 Factors Influencing Performance of MBRs
2.4 Advantages and Challenges of Membrane Reactors
3 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
3.1 Configuration of MBBR
3.2 Influencing Factors in MBBRs
3.3 Advantages and Limitations of MBBRs
4 Conclusion
References
Nanobioremediation: A Sustainable Approach for Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Photocatalysis
3 Nanofiltration
4 Nanosorption
5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Bioremediation of Textile Dyes for Sustainable Environment—A Review
1 Introduction
2 Treatment of Wastewater
3 Aerobic Treatment
4 Activated Sludge Process
5 Anaerobic Treatment
6 Enzymatic Methods
7 Azoreductase
8 Bioreactors in Textile Wastewater Treatment
9 Treatment of Textile Azo Dyes Using Combination of Bioreactors
10 Conclusion
References
Microbial Contamination of Environmental Waters and Wastewater: Detection Methods and Treatment Technologies
1 Introduction
2 Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Water Bodies and Emerging Waterborne Pathogens
3 Antimicrobial Resistance Genes as Emerging Environmental Contaminants
4 Human Enteric Viruses in Receiving Waters. Challenges for Detection and Quantification
4.1 Concentration Methods for Viruses in Aquatic Environments
4.2 Quantification Methods for Viruses in Water Environments
5 Wastewater Treatment Technologies to Minimize the Spread of Waterborne Pathogens
5.1 Preliminary Treatment
5.2 Secondary Treatment
5.3 Tertiary and Advanced Systems
5.4 Sewage Sludge Treatment and Disposal
6 Conclusion
References
Use of Genetic Engineering Approach in Bioremediation of Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Type of Contaminants Found in Everyday Waste Products
3 Role of Microbes in Bioremediation
4 Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms
5 Steps Followed During Gene Editing of Microorganisms
6 Gene Editing Tools Employed for Waste Management
6.1 CRISPR/Cas 9
6.2 TALEN (Find an Advantage Over CRISPR)
6.3 ZFNs
7 Types of Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMM) and Techniques they Apply for Bioremediation
7.1 Genetically Modified Biosensors for Pollutant Detection
7.2 Bioaccumulation for Heavy Metal Removal Using Genetically Modified Organisms
8 Challenges Faced During Gene Editing of a Microbe
9 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Nanotechnology for Bioremediation of Heavy Metals
1 Introduction
2 Nanotechnology in Heavy Metal Removal
2.1 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Heavy Metals Removal
3 Nanocomposites in Heavy Metal Removal
4 Nanofiltration and Nanofilter Membranes
5 Nanobioremediation and Nanophytoremediation
6 Conclusion
References