This book provides a comprehensive introduction to scale management. Starting with an introduction to oilfield scale, including material on predicting the problem and evaluating treatment options, it then discusses various management and inhibition techniques before presenting squeeze treatments.
In turn, it explores the automatic optimization of squeeze designs, the use of tracers to estimate scale inhibitor placement, and the mathematics of transport and adsorption in squeeze treatments, while also describing the treatment lifecycle in detail. Further, it presents all the steps involved in designing a cost-effective squeeze treatment for a real-world field case.
Given its scope, the book will be of interest to researchers in the field of petroleum engineering, especially those specializing in flow assurance, transport in porous media, or the modelling and optimization of scale treatment designs. It also offers a valuable resource for engineers working in the oil industry, and for service companies providing scale management
Author(s): Oscar Vazquez
Series: SpringerBriefs in Petroleum Geoscience & Engineering
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 139
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Definition of Scale
1.2 Problems Caused
1.3 Types of Oilfield Mineral Scales
1.3.1 pH Independent Scales
1.3.2 pH Dependent Scales
References
2 Scale Management
2.1 Predicting the Problem
2.1.1 Equilibria in Water and Solubility
2.1.2 Thermodynamics of Mineral Scale
2.1.3 Sulphate Scales
2.1.4 Carbonate Scales
2.1.5 Sulphide Scales
2.1.6 Sodium Chloride (Halite) Scale
2.1.7 Silicate Scale
2.1.8 Kinetics of Mineral Scale
2.2 Life-Cycle Management of Scale Control
2.2.1 General Process to Quantify Inorganic Scale Risk
2.2.2 Quantify Scale Risk
2.2.3 Scale Control Options
References
3 Scale Inhibitors
3.1 Type of Scale Inhibitors
3.1.1 Carbonate and Sulphate Scales
3.1.2 Sulphide Scale Inhibition
3.1.3 Halite Inhibition
3.1.4 Silicate Scale Inhibition
3.2 Chemical Selection
3.2.1 Static Inhibitor Efficiency Test
3.2.2 Dynamic Inhibitor Efficiency Test
3.2.3 Static Adsorption
3.2.4 Static Formation Damage Test
3.2.5 Inhibitor/Formation Brine Compatibility Phase Envelope
3.2.6 Thermal Stability
3.2.7 Mechanisms of Scale Inhibition
3.2.8 Relevance to Test Methodology
3.3 Factors Controlling Scale Inhibitor Effectiveness
3.3.1 pH and pKa
3.3.2 Temperature
3.3.3 Calcium Concentration
3.3.4 Magnesium Concentration
3.4 Scale Inhibitors Delivery Options
3.4.1 Continuous Injection
3.4.2 Squeeze Treatments
3.4.3 Solid Chemical Inhibitors
References
4 Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments
4.1 Squeeze Treatment Design
4.1.1 Preflush
4.1.2 Main Treatment
4.1.3 Overflush
4.1.4 Retention Mechanism
4.1.5 Formation Damage
4.1.6 Placement Considerations
4.2 Non-aqueous Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments
4.2.1 Oil Soluble
4.2.2 Invert/reverse Emulsions
4.2.3 Amphiphilic Solvent Systems
4.2.4 Microemulsions
4.2.5 Water Free Materials
4.2.6 Part-Aqueous Systems
4.2.7 Encapsulated Products
4.3 Combined Scale Inhibitor Treatments
4.3.1 Squimulation
4.3.2 Squeeze Treatment/Tracer Programme
4.4 Treatment Monitoring
References
5 Modelling Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments
5.1 Characteristics of Inhibitor Adsorption
5.2 Scale Inhibitor Aqueous Phase Transport and Adsorption
5.3 Scale Inhibitor Non-aqueous Phase Transport and Adsorption
5.3.1 Two Phase Flow
5.3.2 Two-Phase Transport
5.4 Adsorption Isotherm Derivation
5.5 Placement: Partitioning of Flow Between Layers
References
6 Life Cycle of a Field Squeeze Treatment
6.1 From Coreflood to Field Design
6.1.1 Derivation of Inhibitor-Rock Adsorption Isotherm
6.1.2 Squeeze Treatment Sensitivity Calculations
6.2 Pseudo-adsorption Isotherm Matching
6.2.1 Proposed Method
6.3 Estimating Placement
6.3.1 Analytical Expression for the Partitioning of Flow
6.3.2 Squeeze Treatment/Tracer Programme Designs
References
7 Reservoir Scale Management
7.1 Reservoir-Simulation Process for Inorganic Scale Management
7.1.1 Reservoir Scale Deposition
7.2 Estimation of Scale Deposition Through Reservoir History Matching
7.2.1 Produced Water Chemistry
7.2.2 Produced Water Chemistry (PWC) History Matching Methodology
7.2.3 Seawater Mixing Front Uncertainty Maps
7.3 Non-aqueous vs Aqueous Overflush Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatment in an Oilfield Offshore Norway
7.3.1 Near Wellbore Squeeze Simulation
7.3.2 Sensitivity on Splitting the Overflush
References
8 Optimisation of Oilfield Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments
8.1 Operational Constraints
8.1.1 SI Neat Volume
8.1.2 SI Injection Concentration
8.1.3 Total Injected Water Volume
8.2 Single-Well Squeeze Design Optimization
8.2.1 Squeeze Lifetime Criticality/Reliability
8.2.2 Operational Costs
8.2.3 Chemical Costs
8.2.4 Squeeze Optimization with Fixed Target Lifetime
8.2.5 Global Squeeze Treatment Optimization
8.3 Multi-well Squeeze Design Optimization
8.3.1 Gradient Descent Algorithm
8.3.2 Multi-objective Optimization Algorithm (MOPSO)
8.3.3 Field Case
8.4 Squeeze Treatment Lifetime Prediction Uncertainty Quantification
8.4.1 Isotherm Matching Non-uniqueness
8.4.2 Uncertainty Quantification
References
