Modeling and Optimization of Optical Communication Networks

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Investigation on Optical Sensors for Heart Rate Monitoring
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of PPG
1.2.1 PPG Waveform
1.2.2 Photoplethysmography Waveforms Based on the Origin of Optical Concern
1.2.3 Photoplethysmography’s Early on and Modern Records
1.2.4 Building Blocks of Photoplethysmography
1.2.5 Protocol Measurement and Reproducibility
1.3 Clinical Application – Heart Rate Monitoring
1.4 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Adopting a Fusion Approach for Optical Amplification
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Mechanism Involved
2.3 Types of Amplifier
2.3.1 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
2.3.1.1 Various Phases and Progress of SOA
2.3.2 Fiber Raman Amplifiers
2.3.3 Fiber Brillouin Amplifiers
2.3.4 Doped-Fiber Amplifiers
2.4 Hybrid Optical Amplifiers
2.4.1 EDFA and SOA Hybrid
2.4.2 EDFA and FRA Hybrid
2.4.3 RFA and SOA Hybrid
2.4.4 Combination of EYDWA as well as SOA
2.4.5 EDFA–EYCDFA Hybrid
2.4.6 TDFA Along with RFA Hybrid
2.4.7 EDFA and TDFA Hybrid
2.5 Applications
2.5.1 Telecom Infrastructure Optical Power Amplifier
2.6 Current Scenario
2.7 Discussion
2.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Optical Sensors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Glass Fibers
3.3 Plastic Fibers
3.4 Optical Fiber Sensors Advantages Over Traditional Sensors
3.5 Fiber Optic Sensor Principles
3.6 Classification of Fiber Optic Sensors
3.6.1 Intrinsic Fiber Optic Sensor
3.6.2 Extrinsic Fiber Optic Sensor
3.6.3 Intensity-Modulated Sensors
3.6.3.1 Intensity Type Fiber Optic Sensor Using Evanescent Wave Coupling
3.6.3.2 Intensity Type Fiber Optic Sensor Using Microbend Sensor
3.6.4 Phase Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
3.6.4.1 Fiber Optic Gyroscope
3.6.4.2 Fiber-Optic Current Sensor
3.6.5 Polarization Modulated Fiber Optic Sensors
3.6.6 Physical Sensor
3.6.6.1 Temperature Sensors
3.6.6.2 Proximity Sensor
3.6.6.3 Depth/Pressure Sensor
3.6.7 Chemical Sensor
3.6.8 Bio-Medical Sensor
3.7 Optical Fiber Sensing Applications
3.7.1 Application in the Medicinal Field
3.7.2 Application in the Agriculture Field
3.7.3 Application in Civil Infrastructure
3.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Defective and Failure Sensor Detection and Removal in a Wireless Sensor Network
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Related Works
4.3 Proposed Detection and Elimination Approach
4.3.1 Scanning Algorithm for Cut Tracking (SCT)
4.3.2 Eliminate Faulty Sensor Algorithm (EFS)
4.4 Results and Discussion
4.5 Performance Evaluation
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Optical Fiber and Prime Optical Devices for Optical Communication
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Optic Fiber Systems Development
5.3 Optical Fiber Transmission Link
5.4 Optical Sources Suited for Optical Fiber Communication
5.5 LED as Optical Source
5.6 Laser as Light Source
5.7 Optical Fiber
5.8 Fiber Materials
5.9 Benefits of Optical Fiber
5.10 Drawbacks of Optical Fiber
5.11 Recent Advancements in Fiber Technology
5.12 Photodetector
5.13 Future of Optical Fiber Communication
5.14 Applications of Optical Fibers in the Industry
5.15 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Evaluation of Lower Layer Parameters in Body Area Networks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Problem Definition
6.3 Baseline MAC in IEEE 802.15.6
6.4 Ultra Wideband (UWB) PHY
6.5 Castalia
6.5.1 Features
6.6 Methodology
6.6.1 Simulation Method in Castalia
6.6.2 Hardware Methodology
6.7 Results and Discussion
6.8 Hardware Setup Using Bluetooth Module
6.9 Hardware Setup Using ESP 12-E
6.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Analyzing a Microstrip Antenna Sensor Design for Achieving Biocompatibity
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Designing of Biomedical Antenna
7.3 Sensing Device for Biomedical Application
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Photonic Crystal Based Routers for All Optical Communication Networks
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Photonic Crystals
8.2.1 1D Photonic Crystals
8.2.2 2D Photonic Crystals
8.2.3 3D Photonic Crystals
8.2.4 Photonic Bandgap
8.2.5 Applications
8.3 Routers
8.4 Micro Ring Resonators
8.5 Optical Routers
8.5.1 Routers Based on PCRR
8.5.2 N x N Router Structures
8.5.2.1 3 x 3 Router
8.5.2.2 4 x 4 Router
8.5.2.3 6 x 6 Router
8.5.3 Routers Based on PC Line Defect
8.6 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Fiber Optic Communication: Evolution, Technology, Recent Developments, and Future Trends
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Principles
9.3 Future Trends in Fiber Optics Communication
9.4 Advantages
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Difficulties of Fiber Optic Setup and Maintenance in a Developing Nation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Related Works
10.3 Fiber Optic Cable
10.3.1 Single-Mode Cable
10.3.2 Multimode Cable
10.3.2.1 Step-Index Multimode Fiber
10.3.2.2 Graded-Index Multimode Fiber
10.3.3 Deployed Fiber Optics Cable
10.4 Fiber Optics Cable Deployment Strategies
10.4.1 Aerial Installation
10.4.2 Underground Installation
10.4.2.1 Direct-Buried
10.4.2.2 Installation in Duct
10.5 Deployment of Fiber Optics Throughout the World
10.5.1 Fiber Optics Deployment in India
10.5.2 Submarine Fiber Optic in India
10.5.3 Installation of Fiber Optic Cable in the Inland
10.6 Fiber Deployment Challenges
10.6.1 Deploying Fiber has a Number of Technical Difficulties
10.6.2 Right of Way
10.6.3 Administrative Challenges
10.6.4 Post-Fiber Deployment Management
10.6.5 Fiber Optic Cable Deployment and Management Standards and Best Practices
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Machine Learning-Enabled Flexible Optical Transport Networks
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Review of SDM-EON Physical Models
11.2.1 Optical Fibers for SDM-EON
11.2.2 Switching Techniques for SDM-EON
11.3 Review of SDM-EON Resource Assignment Techniques
11.4 Research Challenges in SDM-EONs
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Role of Wavelength Division Multiplexing in Optical Communication
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Modules of an Optical Communication System
12.2.1 How a Fiber Optic Communication Works?
12.2.2 Codes of Fiber Optic Communication System
12.2.2.1 Dense Light Source
12.2.2.2 Low Loss Optical Fiber
12.2.3 Photo Detectors
12.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
12.3.1 Transceivers – Transmitting Data as Light
12.3.2 Multiplexers Enhancing the Use of Fiber Channels
12.3.3 Categories of WDM
12.4 Modulation Formats in WDM Systems
12.4.1 Optical Modulator
12.4.1.1 Direct Modulation
12.4.1.2 External Modulation
12.4.2 Modulation Formats
12.4.2.1 Non Return to Zero (NRZ)
12.4.2.2 Return to Zero (RZ)
12.4.2.3 Chirped RZ (CRZ)
12.4.2.4 Carrier Suppressed RZ (CSRZ)
12.4.2.5 Differential Phase Shift Key (DPSK)
12.4.3 Uses of Wavelength Division Multiplexing
References
Chapter 13 Optical Ultra-Sensitive Nanoscale Biosensor Design for Water Analysis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Related Work or Literature Survey
13.2.1 B. Cereus Spores’ Study for Water Quality
13.2.2 History Use of Optical Property for Biosensing
13.2.3 Photonic Crystal
13.3 Tools and Techniques
13.3.1 Opti FDTD
13.3.2 EM Wave Equation
13.3.3 Optical Ring Resonator
13.3.4 Output Power Computation
13.4 Proposed Design
13.4.1 Circular Resonator PHC Biosensor
13.4.2 Triangular Structure PHC Biosensor
13.5 Simulation
13.6 Result and Analysis
13.7 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
Chapter 14 A Study on Connected Cars–V2V Communication
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Literature Survey
14.3 Software Description
14.4 Methodology
14.5 Working
14.6 Advantages and Applications
14.7 Conclusion and Future Scope
Future Scope
References
Chapter 15 Broadband Wireless Network Era in Wireless Communication – Routing Theory and Practices
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Outline of Broadband Wireless Networking
15.2.1 Type of Broadband Wireless Networks
15.2.1.1 Fixed Networks
15.2.1.2 The Broadband Mobile Wireless Networks
15.2.2 BWN Network Structure
15.2.3 Wireless Broadband Applications
15.2.4 Promising Approaches Beyond BWN
15.3 Routing Mechanisms
15.4 Security Issues and Mechanisms in BWN
15.4.1 DoS Attack
15.4.2 Distributed Flooding DoS
15.4.3 Rogue and Selfish Backbone Devices
15.4.4 Authorization Flooding on Backbone Devices
15.4.5 Node Deprivation Attack
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Recent Trends in Optical Communication, Challenges and Opportunities
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Optical Fiber Communication
16.3 Applications of Optical Communication
16.4 Various Sectors of Optical Communication
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Photonic Communication Systems and Networks
17.1 Introduction
17.2 History of LiFi
17.3 LiFi Standards
17.4 Related Work
17.5 Methodology
17.6 Proposed Model
17.7 Experiment and Results
17.8 Applications
17.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 18 RSA-Based Encryption Approach for Preserving Confidentiality Against Factorization Attacks
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Related Work
18.3 Mathematical Preliminary
18.4 Proposed System
18.5 Performance Analysis
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Sailfish Optimizer Algorithm (SFO) for Optimized Clustering in Internet of Things (IoT) Related to the Healthcare Industry
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Related Works
19.3 Proposed Method
19.4 System Model
19.5 Energy Model
19.6 Cluster Formation Using SFO
19.7 Results and Discussion
19.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20 Li-Fi Technology and Its Applications
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Technology Portrayal
20.2.1 Li-Fi Modulation Methods
20.3 Distinctive Modulation of Li-Fi
20.4 Antiquity of Improvements and Li-Fi Innovation
20.5 Li-Fi Technology and Its Advantages
20.5.1 Free Spectrum
20.5.2 Efficiency
20.5.3 Accessibility
20.5.4 Complexity
20.5.5 Security
20.5.6 Safety
20.5.7 No Fading
20.5.8 Cost-Effective
20.6 Confines of Li-Fi Innovation
20.6.1 Obstructions
20.6.2 High Path Forfeiture
20.6.3 Uplink Problems
20.6.4 NLOS Problems
20.7 Application of Li-Fi Technology
20.7.1 Spaces wherein Exploiting of RF would be Controlled
20.7.1.1 Hospitals
20.7.1.2 Airplanes
20.7.1.3 Sensitive Floras
20.7.2 Traffic Flow Management
20.7.3 Submerged Applications
20.7.4 Outdoor Permission to the Cyberspace
20.7.5 Educational Tenacities
20.7.6 Amalgamation of Wi-Fi vs. Li-Fi
20.7.7 Optical Attocell
20.7.8 Multiple User Permission
References
Chapter 21 Smart Emergency Assistance Using Optics
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Literature Survey
21.3 Methodology
21.3.1 Block Diagram Description
21.3.2 Concept and Overview
21.4 Design and Implementation
21.5 Results & Discussion
21.6 Conclusion
References
About the Editors
Index
EULA