Mineral Systems, Earth Evolution, and Global Metallogeny

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Mineral Systems, Earth Evolution, and Global Metallogeny
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Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
2 Representative examples of mineral system models
2.1 Definition of mineral systems
2.2 Example of porphyry Cu–Au–Mo system
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Development of a coherent genetic model
2.2.3 A coherent mineral system model
2.2.3.1 Geodynamic factors
2.2.3.2 Fertility factors
2.2.3.3 Architecture parameters
2.2.3.4 Preservation constraints
2.2.4 Exploration summary
2.3 Example of orogenic gold system
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Development of a holistic genetic model
2.3.3 A coherent mineral system model for orogenic gold deposits
2.3.3.1 Fertility
2.3.3.2 Geodynamic parameter
2.3.3.3 Architecture parameter
2.3.3.4 Preservation parameters
2.3.4 Exploration overview
3 Summary mineral systems models for relevant systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mineral systems involving mineralization processes in sedimentary basins
3.2.1 Paleoplacer gold (U) system
3.2.2 Unconformity-type uranium systems
3.2.3 Mississippi Valley type Pb–Zn–Ba system
3.2.4 SEDEX Zn–Pb–Cu system
3.2.5 Zambian-type Cu–Co system
3.2.6 Broken Hill-type Pb–Zn–Ag system
3.3 Submarine hydrothermal systems
3.3.1 Iron enrichment in banded iron formation systems
3.3.2 Sediment-hosted manganese systems
3.3.3 Volcanogenic massive sulfide Cu–Zn–Pb (Au–Ag) system
3.4 Magmatic hydrothermal systems
3.4.1 Greisen/vein/replacement Sn–W system
3.4.2 Intrusion-related gold (W) system
3.4.3 Distal Carlin-type gold system
3.4.4 Kiruna-type Fe–P system
3.4.5 Iron–oxide copper–gold system
3.5 Magmatic systems with hydrothermal fluid involvement
3.5.1 Carbonatite-related Cu–P and REE–Nb systems
3.5.2 Kimberlite/lamproite diamond system
3.6 Magmatic systems
3.6.1 Lithium pegmatite (Ta, Cs) systems
3.6.2 Giant-layered intrusion-hosted PGE–Cr–Fe–Ti–V system
3.6.3 Mafic intrusion-hosted Ni–Cu–PGE system
3.7 Summary
4 The critical role of subduction
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Systems with direct associations to subduction in convergent margins
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Porphyry-high sulfidation-skarn Cu–Au±Mo systems in arcs
4.2.3 Granite-related tin and tungsten deposits in continental back-arcs
4.2.4 Volcanogenic massive sulfide Cu–Zn–Pb systems in arcs
4.2.5 Epithermal Au–Ag systems in back-arc basins
4.2.6 Preservation potential
4.3 Orogenic gold systems in transpressional settings
4.4 Indirect association with late-subduction orogenic collapse or rifting
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Intrusion-related gold systems
4.4.3 Carlin-type gold systems
4.5 Indirect association with subduction-related metasomatized lithosphere
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 The Jiaodong orogenic gold system
4.6 Indirect association with magmatic systems derived from subduction-related lithosphere metasomatism
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Magmatic copper, iron, niobium, phosphate, rare earth elements (REE), and diamond deposits
4.6.3 Magmatic-hydrothermal Cu–Au systems
4.7 Summary
5 Mineral systems, tectonics, and the supercontinent cycle
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Evolution of the early Earth
5.2.1 Early Earth tectonics
5.2.2 Mantle overturns
5.2.3 Early plate tectonics
5.2.4 Formation of cratons
5.2.5 Heterogeneous Precambrian metallogeny of Archean cratons
5.2.6 Unique Archean to Paleoproterozoic mineral systems
5.3 Supercontinent cycles
5.3.1 Assembly and dispersal of supercontinents
5.3.2 Supercontinents through Earth history
5.4 Mineral systems and their relationship to the supercontinent system
5.4.1 Critical parameters of mineral systems
5.4.2 Mineral systems formed in convergent margin environments
5.4.2.1 Orogenic gold systems
5.4.2.2 Volcanogenic massive sulfide systems
5.4.2.3 Porphyry Cu–Au–Mo systems
5.4.3 Magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal systems formed near craton margins
5.4.3.1 Mafic intrusion-hosted Ni–Cu–PGE systems
5.4.3.2 Iron oxide–copper gold systems
5.4.3.3 Kiruna-type Fe–P systems
5.5 Mineral deposits as sensitive indicators of Earth evolution
5.5.1 Coupled metallogenic and supercontinent cycles
5.6 Summary
6 The anomalous Boring Billion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of the Boring Billion
6.3 Metallogeny before and during the Boring Billion
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Early Precambrian mineral systems absent or rare in the Boring Billion
6.3.2.1 Orogenic gold systems
6.3.2.2 Volcanogenic massive sulfide systems
6.3.2.3 Porphyry copper–gold systems
6.3.2.4 Paleoplacer gold (uranium) systems
6.3.2.5 Layered intrusion PGE–Cr–Fe Ti–V systems
6.3.3 Mineral systems extending into the Boring Billion
6.3.3.1 Iron oxide–copper–gold systems
6.3.3.2 Kiruna-type iron–phosphorous systems
6.3.3.3 Intrusion-related nickel–copper systems
6.3.3.4 Carbonatite-related rare earth elements (REE) (Cu, Nb, P) systems
6.3.4 Mineral systems largely confined to the Boring Billion
6.3.4.1 Sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEX) zinc–lead–copper systems
6.3.4.2 Broken Hill-type lead–zinc–silver systems
6.3.4.3 Unconformity-type uranium systems
6.3.4.4 Lamproite diamond systems
6.4 The not-so-boring metallogeny of the Boring Billion
6.5 The critical conjunction between metallogeny and tectonic evolution
6.6 Summary
7 Paleoproterozoic great oxidation event
7.1 Evolution of the atmosphere–hydrosphere–biosphere system
7.1.1 Earth climate and evolution of life
7.1.2 Great oxygenation events
7.2 Metallogeny related to the Paleoproterozoic GOE
7.2.1 Valency implications for subsequent mineral systems
7.2.2 The great period of formation of iron deposits in banded iron formation systems
7.2.3 Evolution of manganese deposits
7.2.4 Evolution of uranium deposits
7.3 Summary: redox reflections of atmosphere evolution
8 Cambrian explosion of life
8.1 Neoproterozoic to Phanerozoic hydrosphere–biosphere system evolution
8.2 Contrasting temporal pattern of SEDEX and MVT systems
8.3 Importance of abundant organisms
8.4 Potential importance of hydrocarbons
9 The role of craton and thick lithosphere margins
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Longevity of cratons and their margins
9.3 Modification of craton margins and underlying lithosphere
9.3.1 Structural modification
9.4 Metasomatic alteration of mantle lithosphere
9.5 Magmatic deposits derived from metasomatized lithosphere
9.5.1 Carbonatite-related Cu and P deposits
9.5.2 Carbonatite-related REE–Nb deposits
9.5.3 Kiruna-type Fe–P deposits
9.5.4 Lamproite-associated diamonds
9.6 Magmatic-hydrothermal deposits from metasomatized lithosphere
9.6.1 Iron oxide–copper–gold systems
9.6.2 Intrusion-related gold deposits
9.6.3 Carlin-type gold systems
9.7 Hydrothermal deposits derived from metasomatized lithosphere
9.7.1 Jiaodong and other Chinese orogenic gold deposits
9.7.2 Other orogenic gold deposits on craton margins
9.8 Magmatic systems related to intrusion via trans-lithosphere structures
9.8.1 Intrusion-related nickel–copper–PGE systems
9.8.2 Anorthosite-hosted ilmenite deposits
9.9 Hydrothermal deposits related to deformation on craton margins
9.9.1 BIF-hosted iron ores
9.10 Sediment-hosted deposits on craton and thick lithosphere margins
9.10.1 Zambian copper belt-type deposits
9.10.2 SEDEX zinc–lead–copper systems
9.11 Diversity of mineral systems along craton and thick lithosphere margins
9.12 Summary
10 Implications for global exploration
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The role and appropriate scale of conceptual targeting
10.3 Most productive time periods for specific mineral systems
10.4 Association with craton and thick lithosphere margins
10.5 Detection of lithosphere scale structures connected to mineral systems
10.6 Summary
References
Index
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