This book presents a detailed review of the mineral deposits and occurrences in the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS), including their distribution, mineralization styles, economic importance, and geological controls on the mineralization. The purpose of the book is to compile the results of past and recent investigations on mineral deposits and occurrences in the ANS that covering the countries of (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, and Ethiopia). In this regard, it discusses in detail the various genetic mineralization styles in the ANS including: (1) magmatic mineral deposits associated with mafic-ultramafic rocks (e.g. chromite, Ni-Cu-Co-PGE magmatic sulfides, Fe-Ti-V oxides), (2) intrusion-related (magmatic-hydrothermal) deposits associated with felsic to intermediate rocks (porphyry, epithermal Au-Ag/sulfide vein type family, skarn, granite-related pegmatite-REE deposits), (3) hydrothermal orogenic gold and volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, as well as (4) surficial mineral deposits (chemical-sedimentary, residual, mechanical and supergene enrichment deposits).
Author(s): Ahmed Hassan Ahmed
Series: Earth and Environmental Sciences Library
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 531
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 Geology and Lithostratigraphy of the Arabian–Nubian Shield
1.1 Introduction
1.2 General Geology of the Arabian–Nubian Shield
1.2.1 Ophiolite Complex (Relicts of Oceanic Lithosphere)
1.2.2 Relicts of Precambrian Island Arcs
1.2.3 Arc-Accretion Related Suture Zones
1.2.4 Core (Gneiss Dome) Complexes
1.2.5 Sedimentary Basins and Alkaline Granites—(Late Orogenic Features)
1.3 Lithostratigraphy of the ANS
1.3.1 Lithostratigraphy of the Arabian Shield Rocks in Saudi Arabia
1.3.2 Lithostratigraphy of the Arabian Shield Rocks in Yemen
1.3.3 Lithostratigraphy of the Nubian Shield Rocks in Egypt
1.3.4 Lithostratigraphy of the Nubian Shield Rocks in Sudan
1.3.5 Lithostratigraphy of the Nubian Shield Rocks in Eritrea
1.3.6 Lithostratigraphy of the Nubian Shield Rocks in Ethiopia
References
2 Classification and General Distribution of Mineral Deposits in the Arabian–Nubian Shield: A Review
2.1 Classifications of Mineral Deposits
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Genetic Classification Scheme (Used in This Book)
2.2 Mineral Deposits in the Arabian–Nubian Shield: An Overview
2.2.1 Afro-Arabian Domain
2.2.2 Eastern Domain
2.2.3 Southern Domain
2.2.4 Western Domain
References
3 Magmatic (Orthomagmatic) Deposits (Ore Deposits Associated with Mafic–Ultramafic Complexes)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Mafic–Ultramafic Rocks
3.2.1 Ophiolitic Mafic-Ultramafic Complexes
3.2.2 Layered Mafic-Ultramafic Complexes
3.2.3 Alaskan-Type Concentrically Zoned Mafic-Ultramafic Complexes
3.3 Magmatic Mineral Deposits in Saudi Arabia
3.3.1 Chromitite–PGE Deposits in Ophiolitic Mafic–Ultramafic Complexes
3.3.2 Magmatic Cu–Ni–PGE Sulfides and Fe–Ti Oxides Mineralization
3.4 Magmatic Mineral Deposits in Yemen
3.4.1 The Suwar-Wadi Qutabah Ni–Cu–Co–PGE Occurrences
3.4.2 The Byhan Cu–Ni–PGE Occurrence
3.4.3 Al-Qabyta Occurrence
3.4.4 The Qaifa Occurrence
3.4.5 The Wadi Mabar Area
3.4.6 The Al-Hamurah Cu–Ni Occurrence
3.4.7 The Wadi Silbah Occurrence
3.4.8 The Mukayras Fe–Ti–P–V Occurrence
3.5 Magmatic Mineral Deposits in the Eastern Desert of Egypt
3.5.1 Chromitite–PGE Deposits in Ophiolites
3.5.2 Non-ophiolitic Cu–Ni–PGE Sulfide Occurrences
3.5.3 Non-ophiolitic Fe–Ti Oxide Occurrences
3.6 Magmatic Mineral Deposits in Sudan
3.6.1 Ingessana Hills Area
3.6.2 Qala En Nahal—Umm Saqata Areas
3.6.3 The Nuba Mountains
3.6.4 The Red Sea Hills Region
3.6.5 The Gebel Rahib Occurrences
3.6.6 The Southern Sudan Occurrences
3.6.7 The Northern Sudan Occurrences
3.7 Magmatic Mineral Deposits in Eritrea
3.8 Magmatic Mineral Deposits in Ethiopia
3.8.1 PGE Mineralization in Western Ethiopia
3.8.2 Southern Ethiopian Ni–Co–Cu Mineralization
3.8.3 Chromitite-Fe–Ti Mineralization in Western and Southern Ethiopia
References
4 Magmatic—Hydrothermal Deposits (Intrusion-Related Deposits)
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Magmatic-Hydrothermal Deposits in Saudi Arabia
4.2.1 Porphyry Cu–Mo–Au Mineralization
4.2.2 Epithermal Au–Ag Vein-Type Mineralization
4.2.3 Greisen-Related Mineralization
4.2.4 Granite-Related Mineralization
4.3 Magmatic-Hydrothermal Deposits in Yemen
4.3.1 Skarn-Related Sn–W Mineralization
4.3.2 Granite-Related Radioactive and REE Mineralization
4.4 Magmatic-Hydrothermal Deposits in Eastern Desert of Egypt
4.4.1 Porphyry Cu–Au Mineralization
4.4.2 Skarn-Related Mineralization
4.4.3 Epithermal Vein-Type Mineralization
4.4.4 Granite- and Pegmatite-Related Mineralization
4.5 Magmatic-Hydrothermal Deposits in Sudan
4.5.1 Porphyry Cu–Au Deposits
4.5.2 Granite-Related Mineralization
4.6 Magmatic-Hydrothermal Deposits in Eritrea
4.7 Magmatic-Hydrothermal Deposits in Ethiopia
4.7.1 Rare-Metals Granitic Pegmatites
4.7.2 Beryllium (Emerald) Mineralization
References
5 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits in Orogenic Environments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Orogenic Mineral Deposits in Saudi Arabia
5.2.1 Orogenic Au Deposits
5.2.2 Iron Oxide–Copper–Gold Deposits
5.3 Orogenic Gold Deposits in Yemen
5.4 Orogenic Mineral Deposits in the Eastern Desert of Egypt
5.4.1 Allaqi–Sol Hamed Block
5.4.2 Um Samiuki–Abu Dahr Block
5.4.3 East Nugrus Block
5.4.4 Mubarak–Hamash Block
5.4.5 Meatiq–Sibai Block
5.5 Orogenic Deposits in Sudan
5.6 Orogenic Deposits in Eritrea
5.7 Orogenic Deposits in Ethiopia
References
6 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits in Volcano–Sedimentary Environments
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Volcano–Sedimentary Mineral Deposits in Saudi Arabia
6.2.1 Volcanogenic–Massive Sulfide Deposits
6.3 Volcano–Sedimentary Mineral Deposits in Yemen
6.3.1 Jabali Mississippi Valley–Type Zn–Pb–Ag Deposit
6.4 Volcano–Sedimentary Mineral Deposits in the Eastern Desert of Egypt
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 The Hamama West Prospect (Abu Marawat Mineral District)
6.4.3 The Um Samiuki Mineral District
6.4.4 The Derhib–Abu Gurdi Mineral District
6.5 Volcano–Sedimentary Mineral Deposits in Sudan
6.5.1 Oxidized Surface Zones (Gossans)
6.5.2 Hypogene Cu–Zn–Au–Ag Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits
6.6 Volcano–Sedimentary Mineral Deposits in Eritrea
6.6.1 Bisha Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide District
6.6.2 Asmara Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide District
6.7 Volcano–Sedimentary Mineral Deposits in Ethiopia
References
7 Sedimentary/Surficial Mineral Deposits
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Banded-Iron Formations in Saudi Arabia
7.3 Banded-Iron Formations in Yemen
7.4 Banded-Iron Formation in the Eastern Desert of Egypt
7.4.1 Um Anab Banded Iron Formation
7.4.2 Abu Marawat Banded Iron Formation
7.4.3 The Gebel Semna Banded Iron Formation
7.4.4 Wadi Kareim Banded Iron Formation
7.4.5 Wadi El Dabbah Banded Iron Formation
7.4.6 Um Shaddad Banded Iron Formation
7.4.7 Um Ghamis Banded Iron Formation
7.4.8 Gebel El Hadid Banded Iron Formation
7.4.9 The Um Nar Banded Iron Formation
References
8 Mining History of the Arabian–Nubian Shield
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Mining History in the Shield Rocks of Saudi Arabia
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Mahd Adh Dhahab Old and New Gold Mines
8.3 Mining History in the Shield Rocks of Yemen
8.4 Mining History in the Shield Rocks of Egypt
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Mining During the Pharaonic Civilizations (3100–332 BCE)
8.4.3 Mining During the Hellenic and Roman Civilizations (332 BCE–641 CE)
8.4.4 Mining from the Arab Conquest (641 CE) Until the French Campaign (1798 CE)
8.4.5 Gold as an Example for Mining History in Egypt
8.5 Mining History in the Shield Rocks of Sudan
8.5.1 Introduction
8.5.2 Gold as an Example of Mining History in Sudan
8.5.3 Hassaї Project as an Operating Gold-Copper Mine in Sudan
8.6 Mining History in the Shield Rocks of Eritrea
8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Mining Districts in Eritrea
8.6.3 Bisha Copper-Zinc-Gold Project as an Example of Operating Mine in Eritrea
8.7 Mining History in the Shield Rocks of Ethiopia
8.7.1 Introduction
8.7.2 Gold Mining in Ethiopia
8.7.3 Tantalum Mining in Ethiopia
References
