This book gives an overview on mid-infrared optical glass and fibers laser, it cover the underlying principle, historic background, as well as recent advances in materials processing and enhanced properties for rare earth doped luminescence, spectroscopy lasers, or optical nonlinearity applications. It describes in great detail, the preparation of high purity non-oxide IR glass and fibers to be used as mid-IR fiber laser and supercontinuum sources for optical fiber spectroscopy. It will be useful for academics, researchers and engineers in various disciplines who require a broad introduction to the subject and would like to learn more about the state-of-the-art and upcoming trends in mid-infrared fiber source development, particularly for industrial, medical and military applications.
Author(s): Pengfei Wang, Xunsi Wang, Haitao Guo, Peiqing Zhang, Shunbin Wang, Shijie Jia, Gerald Farrell, Shixun Dai
Series: Progress in Optical Science and Photonics, 18
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 384
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
1 Introduction to Mid-infrared Fluoride and Chalcogenide Glasses and Fibers
1.1 Aim and Scope
1.2 A Brief History of Fluoride Glasses and Fibers
1.3 A Brief History of the Chalcogenide Glasses and Fibers
1.4 Unique Contribution of This Book
1.5 Target Audience for This Book
References
2 Fluoride Glass Composition, Processing and Structure Characterization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Compositions and Structures of Fluoride Glasses
2.2.1 Fluorozirconate Glasses
2.2.2 Fluoroaluminate Glasses
2.2.3 Fluoroindate Glasses
2.3 Glass Synthesis and Processing
2.3.1 Starting Materials
2.3.2 Melting and Fining
2.3.3 Casting, Cooling and Annealing
2.4 Future Prospects
References
3 Fluoride Glass Optical Fibers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fiber Loss
3.2.1 Absorption Loss
3.2.2 Scattering Loss
3.2.3 Radiation Losses
3.3 Fiber Parameters
3.4 Preform Fabrication
3.4.1 Hot-Jointing
3.4.2 Build-in Casting
3.4.3 Rod-in-Tube
3.4.4 Extrusion
3.5 Fiber Drawing
3.5.1 Fiber Drawing Equipment
3.5.2 Fiber Drawing Techniques
3.6 Structures of Fluoride Fiber
3.6.1 Single-Clad Fluoride Fiber
3.6.2 Double-Clad Fluoride Fiber
3.7 Applications of Fluoride Fiber
3.7.1 Low-loss Mid-infrared Transmission Fiber
3.7.2 Fiber Lasers
3.7.3 Fluoride Fiber Based Optical Fiber Amplifiers
3.7.4 Supercontinuum Source
References
4 Chalcogenide Glass Composition, Processing and Structure Characterization
4.1 ChG Glasses Thermal Properties
4.1.1 As–S
4.1.2 As–Se
4.1.3 Te–As–Se
4.1.4 Ge–As–S
4.1.5 Ge–As–Se–Te
4.1.6 Ge–Te–AgI
4.1.7 Ga Contained Chalcogenide/Chalcohalide Glasses
4.2 Transparent Windows and Phonon Energy
4.3 Viscosity and Glass Reformation
4.3.1 Fundamental Theory
4.3.2 Techniques
4.3.3 Applications
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Chalcogenide Glass Preparation, Purification and Fiber Fabrication
5.1 Loss Mechanisms in Fiber Optics
5.1.1 Intrinsic Losses
5.1.2 Extrinsic Losses
5.1.3 Distillation Purification with Subsequent Vacuum Distillation
5.1.4 Distillation Purification with Subsequent Static Distillation
5.1.5 Glass Preparation Using Volatile Compounds
5.1.6 Chemical Vapor Transport Reactions Technique
5.1.7 Other Methods
5.2 Chalcogenide Glass Fiber Fabrication
5.2.1 Overview
5.2.2 Double-Crucible Method
5.2.3 Rod-In-Tube Method
5.2.4 Extrusion Method
5.2.5 Stack and Draw Method
5.2.6 Other Methods
References
6 Chalcogenide Fiber Structures: Design and Performance Analysis
6.1 Overview
6.2 Traditional Step-Index Fiber
6.2.1 Standard Chalcogenide Single-Mode Fiber Design
6.2.2 Multi-mode Fiber
6.2.3 Damage Threshold for Chalcogenide Fibers
6.3 Multi-cladding Fiber
6.3.1 W-type Fiber
6.3.2 M-type Fiber
6.3.3 Others
6.4 Suspended Fiber
6.5 Tapered Fiber
6.6 PCF
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Mid-Infrared Spectral Properties of Rare Earth Ion Doped Chalcogenide Glasses and Fibers
7.1 RE Ion Species and MIR Energy Level Transition Mechanism
7.1.1 The Electronic Layer Configuration of RE Elements
7.1.2 RE Ions and Energy Level Transitions that Produce MIR Transitions
7.2 Local Field Characteristics of RE Ions in the Chalcogenide Glass Structure
7.2.1 Multi-phonon Relaxation
7.2.2 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectrum
7.3 MIR Luminescence Characteristics of RE Doped Chalcogenide Glasses
7.3.1 MIR Luminescence of Dy3+ Doped Chalcogenide Glass
7.3.2 MIR Luminescence of Pr3+ Doped Chalcogenide Glasses
7.3.3 MIR Luminescence of Tm3+ Doped Chalcogenide Glass
7.3.4 MIR Luminescence of Er3+ Doped Chalcogenide Glass
7.3.5 Mid-Infrared Luminescence of Ho3+ Doped Chalcogenide Glass
7.3.6 MIR Luminescence of Tb3+ Doped Chalcogenide Glass
7.4 Problems and Prospects
References
8 Supercontinuum Generation in Mid-Infrared Glass Fibers
8.1 Overview of SC Sources
8.1.1 A Brief History
8.1.2 SC Generation Mechanism
8.2 MIR SC Generation in Fluoride Fibers
8.2.1 Fluoride Glass Fiber Properties
8.2.2 SC Generation
8.2.3 Fluorotellurite Fiber for SC Generation
8.3 MIR SC Generation in Chalcogenide Fibers
8.3.1 ChG Glass Fiber Characteristics
8.3.2 SC Generation
8.3.3 Novel ChG Fibers for MIR SC Generation
8.4 Cascading SC Sources
8.4.1 Two-Stage Cascading
8.4.2 Three-Stage Cascading
8.5 Applications of MIR SC Sources
8.5.1 Gas Sensing
8.5.2 Solid Detection
8.5.3 Spectral Imaging
8.6 Summary
References
9 Industrial, Medical and Military Applications of Fluoride and Chalcogenide Glass Fibers
9.1 Laser Power Delivery
9.1.1 Step-Index Fiber
9.1.2 Microstructured Fiber
9.2 Infrared Optical Fiber Imaging Bundles
9.3 Fiber Lasers
9.3.1 Direct Mid-Infrared Laser Generation Based on RE Doped Fluoride Fibers
9.3.2 Mid-Infrared Laser Generation by Stimulated Raman Scattering in Chalcogenide Fiber
9.4 Optical Fiber Couplers
9.5 Optical Fiber Gratings
9.5.1 Fiber Grating in Rare-Earth Doped Fluoride Fibers
9.5.2 Fiber Gratings in Chalcogenide Fibers
9.6 Optical Fiber Sensor
9.6.1 Biological Sensor
9.6.2 Temperature Sensor
9.6.3 Solution Concentration Sensor
9.6.4 Gas Sensor
References
10 Conclusion
