Microwave attenuation measurement

;Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Principal symbols
1 Introduction
2 Basic Definitions and equations related to attenuation
2.1 Insertion loss and attenuation
2.2 Reflective and dissipative components of attenuation
2.3 Substitution loss
2.4 Transducer loss
2.5 Voltage loss
2.6 Network efficiency
2.7 Available power transmission factor
2.8 Mismatch loss factor
2.9 Cascaded 2-ports
2.10 Measurement of the substitution loss of a variable attenuator between isolators
2.11 Mismatch error and uncertainty
2.12 Leakage
2.13 References
3 D.C., a.f. and i.f. attenuation standards
3.1 Kelvin-Varley voltage dividers
3.2 Inductive voltage dividers
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Construction of inductive voltage dividers
3.2.3 Basic theory related to inductive voltage dividers
3.2.4 Errors in inductive voltage dividers
3.2.5 Error when two multi-decade inductive voltage dividers are connected in tandem
3.2.6 Two stage inductive voltage dividers
3.2.7 Conclusions
3.3 I.F. piston attenuators
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Theory of the piston attenuator
3.3.3 Excitation and purity of mode
3.3.4 Design considerations
3.3.5 Summary of sources of error
3.4 References
4 Microwave attenuation standards
4.1 Rotary vane attenuator
4.2 Microwave piston attenuators
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Representative piston attenuator designs
4.2.3 Piston attenuator as an absolute standard
4.3 References
5 Power radio methods for measuring attenuation
5.1 Straight-forward single power meter method
5.2 Dual channel power ratio method
5.3 Systems using amplitude stabilisation of the source
5.4 Automated power ratio attenuator calibrators
5.5 References
6 R.F. substitution
References
7 I.F. substitution
7.1 General
7.2 Frequency conversion
7.3 Errors and their reduction in the series method
7.4 Errors and their reduction in the parallel method
7.5 Comments on various present-day i.f. substitution systems
7.6 References
8 A.F. substitution
8.1 A.F. substitution systems using bolometers as square law detectors
8.2 A.F. substitution system using at NRC
8.3 Modulated sub-carrier attenuator calibrators
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Detailed description of the RRE modulated sub-carrier system
8.3.3 Errors in a modulated sub-carrier attenuator calibrator
8.3.4 Special techniques for measuring high-values of attenuation with a modulated sub-carrier system
8.3.5 Automatic calibration of rotary vane attenuators on a modulated sub-carrier system
8.4 References
9 Determination of low values of attenuation from reflection coefficient measurements
9.1 Method using a standing-wave indicator
9.2 Method using reflectometer
9.3 Conclusion
9.4 References
10 Swept frequency techniques
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Components for swept frequency systems
10.2.1 Swept sources
10.2.2 Broadband detectors
10.2.3 Directional couplers
10.2.4 P-I-N diode levellers
10.2.5 Ratiometers
10.3 Swept frequency attenuation measuring equipment
10.4 Conclusions
10.5 References
11 Microwave network analysers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Descriptions of network analysers
11.3 Elimination of internal systematic errors
11.4 Other calibration procedures
11.5 Errors arising in a microwave network analyser
11.6 Evaluation of uncertainties
11.7 Conclusions
11.8 References
12 Other methods of measuring microwave attenuation
12.1 Laverick's three channel technique
12.2 Peck's self-calibration technique
12.3 Two-channel null method
12.4 Single-oscillator shuttle pulse method
12.5 Determination of attenuation from Q measurements
12.6 Determination of attenuation with a shorted slotted line
12.7 Somlo's fixed-probe method for measuring localised waveguide attenuation
12.8 Attenuation measurement with two thermistors in adjacent arms of a Wheatstone bridge
12.9 Method using a Josephson junction in a superconducting loop
12.10 Miscellaneous methods
12.11 References
13 Attenuation transfer standards
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Directional coupler transfer standards
13.3 Directional coupler waveguide switch transfer standards
13.4 Side-arm-switched directional coupler transfer standards
13.5 Variable waveguide attenuator transfer standards
13.6 Coaxial attenuator transfer standards
13.7 References
14 Elimination of error and determination of uncertainty
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Errors and uncertainties
14.3 Application of probability
14.4 Uncertainty arising from systematic error associated with multiple reflections
14.5 Combination of uncertainties and expression of the result
14.6 Example of determination and expression of uncertainty
14.7 References
15 Conclusions
15.1 Review of present-day techniques
15.2 Future developments
15.3 References
Appendixes
1 Scattering parameters
2 Signal flow graphs
3 Evanescent electromagnetic fields inside a perfectly conducting cylinder
4 Combined effect of end vane misalignment and insufficient central vane attenuation on the performance of a rotary vane attenuator
5 Square law deviation of a bolometer
6 Error due to noise when measuring attenuation with a modulated sub-carrier system
7 Bilinear transformation of a circle in the complex plane
8 Theory of weakly connected superconducting rings
Index