Microbiology for Cleaner Production and Environmental Sustainability

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Foreword
Acknowledgements
About the Editors
Contributors
Section I: Microorganisms in Cleaner Production
Chapter 1 Production and Commercial Significance of Biosurfactants
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Discovery of Biosurfactants
1.3 Properties of Biosurfactants
1.4 Types of Biosurfactants
1.4.1 Glycolipid Biosurfactants
1.4.1.1 Rhamnolipids
1.4.1.2 Trehalose Lipids
1.4.1.3 Sophorolipids
1.4.2 Lipopeptide and Lipoprotein Biosurfactants
1.4.3 Fatty Acid, Phospholipid, and Neutral Lipid Biosurfactants
1.4.4 Polymeric Biosurfactants
1.4.5 Particulate Biosurfactants
1.5 Uses of Biosurfactants
1.5.1 Cosmetics Industry
1.5.2 Pharmaceutical Industry
1.5.3 Food Industry
1.5.4 Petroleum Industry
1.5.4.1 Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR)
1.5.4.2 Emulsified Fuel Formulations
1.5.4.3 Biocide and Anticorrosive
1.5.5 Biomining
1.5.5.1 Biodesulfurization
1.5.5.2 Bioflotation
1.5.6 Wastewater Industry
1.5.7 Agriculture Industry
1.5.8 Textile Industry
1.5.9 Environmental Remediation
1.5.9.1 Oil Spill Bioremediation
1.5.9.2 Metal Bioremediation
1.5.9.3 Degradation of Antibiotics
1.5.9.4 Soil Washing
1.5.10 Other Industries
1.6 Producers and Production Methods
1.6.1 Producer Microbes of Biosurfactants
1.6.2 Conventional Methods of Production
1.6.2.1 Media Formulation in the Production of Biosurfactants
1.6.2.2 Alternative Eco-Friendly and Low-Cost Substrates
1.6.3 Alternative Favorable Strategies for Biosurfactant Production
1.6.3.1 Solid-State Fermentation Process
1.6.3.2 Biosurfactant Coproduction
1.6.3.3 Immobilization Process
1.6.3.4 The use of Nanotechnology
1.6.3.5 Enzymatic Synthesis of Biosurfactants
1.6.4 Overproduction Strategies for Biosurfactant Production
1.6.4.1 Modifying of Media to Increase Specific Yield
1.6.4.2 Use Different Fermentation Modes
1.6.4.3 Genetic Engineering Strategies
1.7 Discovery of Novel Biosurfactants
1.8 Industrial-Scale Production and Challenges From Lab to Market
1.8.1 Market and Forecast
1.8.2 Patents and Companies for Biosurfactant Production
1.9 Future Trends
1.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 Microalgae Proteins as a Sustainable Food Supply
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microalgae Protein Production as a Sustainable Approach
2.3 Protein Quality of Microalgae Biomass
2.4 Applications and Microalgae Protein Properties (Recent Research)
2.5 Challenges and Future Trends
2.6 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 3 Microbial Production of Acetic Acid
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microorganisms that Produce Acetic Acid
3.2.1 Aerobics
3.2.2 Anaerobic
3.3 Production of Acetic Acid
3.3.1 Two Stages From Ethanol
3.3.2 Wood–Ljungdahl Trail
3.3.2.1 The Wood–Ljungdahl Pathway is Described as Follows
3.3.3 The Glycine Synthase Route is One Way to Get Glycine
3.4 Processes of Fermentation
3.4.1 The Method of Orleans
3.4.2 The Generator Method is Used to Produce Acetic Acid
3.4.3 Method of Submersion
3.4.4 Fermentation of Immobilised Cells
3.5 Purification and Product Recovery
3.5.1 Extraction of Liquid-Liquid Method
3.5.2 Adsorption
3.5.3 Precipitation
3.5.4 Distillation
3.5.5 Reactive Distillation
3.5.6 Membrane Processes Method
3.5.7 In Situ Method of Product Removal
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Conventional and Green Pharmaceutical Products – a Review
4.1 Introduction
4.2 What are Active Pharmacological Ingredients?
4.3 Transformation Products, Metabolites, and Parent Compounds
4.4 Resources for Environmentally Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
4.5 Fate and Occurrence in the Environment
4.6 Effects
4.7 Risks and Hazards
4.8 Assessing Risk
4.9 Sustainable and Green Pharmacy
References
Chapter 5 Green Pharmaceutical Production and its Benefits for Sustainability
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Production Process and Discharge of Pollutants From Pharmaceutical Production
5.2.1 Production Process
5.2.1.1 Production of Dosage Forms
5.2.1.2 Production of Bulk Drugs
5.2.1.3 Production of Antibiotics
5.2.1.4 Production of Biological
5.2.2 Unit Operations
5.2.2.1 Drying
5.2.2.2 Size Reduction
5.2.2.3 Distillation
5.2.2.4 Evaporation
5.2.2.5 Solvent Extraction
5.2.2.6 Powder Blending
5.2.2.7 Milling
5.2.2.8 Granulation
5.2.2.9 Hot Melt Extrusion
5.2.3 Raw Materials
5.2.3.1 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
5.2.3.2 Inactive Ingredients or Excipients
5.2.3.3 Packaging Raw Materials
5.2.4 Discharge of Pollutants by Pharmaceutical Industries
5.3 Strategies for Green Production and Benefits for Sustainability
5.3.1 Environmental Benefits From Green Production
5.3.2 Social Benefits From Green Production
5.3.2.1 Public Health Benefits
5.3.3 Green Production Strategies and Economic Benefits
5.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
5.4.1 Recommendations
References
Chapter 6 Current Trends in Microbial Production of Citric Acid, Applications, and Perspectives
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Background of Citric Acid
6.2 Citric Acid-Producing Microorganisms
6.2.1 Microorganisms
6.3 Improvements to Citric Acid-Producing Strains
6.4 Pretreatment and Substrates
6.5 Citric Acid Production From a Biochemical Perspective
6.6 Production of Citric Acid
6.6.1 Surface Fermentation
6.6.2 Submerged Fermentation
6.6.3 Solid-State Fermentation
6.7 Citric Acid Recovery
6.8 Factors Affecting the Production of Citric Acid
6.9 Citric Acid Production Through Metabolic Engineering
6.10 Citric Acid's New Applications
6.11 Citric Acid's Economic Benefits
6.12 Perspectives for the Future
6.13 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Anaerobic Microbial Communities for Bioenergy Production
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Anaerobic Digestion
7.3 Fermentative Hydrogen Production
7.4 Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol Fermentation
7.5 Syngas Fermentation
7.6 Bioelectrochemical Systems
7.7 Photo-Fermentation by Purple Non-Sulphur Bacteria
7.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Applications of Microbially Synthesised Nanoparticles in Food Sciences
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nanoparticle Synthesis Via Microbiological Strains
8.3 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Bacteria
8.4 Actinomycetes Synthesise Nanoparticles
8.5 Fungi-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
8.6 Yeast-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
8.7 Algae-Based Nanoparticle Synthesis
8.8 Viral Nanoparticle Synthesis
8.9 Food Processing with Nanotechnology
8.10 Food's Texture, Taste, and Appearance
8.11 Nutritional Value
8.12 The Shelf-Life or Preservation
8.13 Packaging for Food Using Nanotechnology
8.14 Nanosensors for Pathogen Detection
8.15 Aspects of Related Safety Concerns, Health Risks, and Regulatory Aspects
8.16 Constraints in Technology and Difficulties
8.17 Commercialisation Potential and Future Opportunities
8.18 Conclusions
References
Section II: Understanding Microbiology for Environmental Sustainability
Chapter 9 Understanding the Soil Microbiome: Perspectives for Environmental Bioremediation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Role of Microbes in Environmental Remediation
9.2.1 Role of Bacteria in Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
9.2.2 Role of Fungi in Remedy of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
9.2.3 Effect of Bacteria in Remedy of Polychlorinated Biphenyl
9.2.4 Influence of Fungi in Remediation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl
9.3 Degradation of Organophosphate Pesticides by Bacteria
9.4 Degradation of Organophosphate Pesticides by Fungi
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Sensory Mechanism in Bacteria for Xenobiotics Utilization
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Bacterial Sensory Mechanisms for Xenobiotics
10.3 Classes of Sensory Mechanisms in Bacteria for Detecting Xenobiotics
10.4 Canonical Sensory Mechanism in Bacteria
10.5 Non-Canonical Sensory Mechanism in Bacteria
10.6 Xenobiotics Receptors in Bacteria
10.6.1 Characterization of Sensory Signals
10.7 Metabolism of the Target Xenobiotics
10.8 Applications of Sensory Mechanisms in Bacteria for Xenobiotics
10.9 Detection of Xenobiotic Compounds
10.10 Analysis of Chemotaxis of Bacteria to Xenobiotics
10.11 Prognosis of the Evolution of Bacteria
10.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Biofilms: Recent Advances in Bioremediation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biofilms and Bioremediations
11.2.1 The Importance of Biofilms in the Removal of Heavy Metals From the Environment
11.2.2 The Importance of Biofilms in the Removal of Hydrocarbons From the Environment
11.2.3 The Importance of Chemotaxis in Both the Process of Biodegradation and the Creation of Biofilm
11.2.4 The Importance of Biofilms in Field of Agriculture
11.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Extracellular Enzymatic Activity of Bacteria in Aquatic Ecosystems
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Difference Between Intracellular and Extracellular Enzymes
12.1.2 Similarities and Difference Between Intracellular and Extracellular Enzymes
12.2 Extracellular Enzymatic and Activity
12.2.1 Factors Influencing Extracellular Enzyme Activity
12.2.2 Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Fungi During Plant Decomposition
12.3 Natures of Extracellular Enzymes/Enzymatic Activity
12.3.1 Abiotic Drivers
12.3.2 Biotic Drivers
12.3.3 Freshwater Systems
12.3.4 Structuring Factors Across Environments: The Same or Different?
12.4 Aquatic Bacteriology
12.4.1 Effect of Enzymatic Activity on Aquatic Ecosystem
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Microbial Biomass and Activity, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Community Composition: Long-Term Effects of Aided Phytostabilization of Trace Elements
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microbial Biomass and Activity
13.3 Enzymatic Activities
13.4 Microbial Community Composition
13.5 Phytostabilization of Trace Elements
13.5.1 Effect of Aided Phytostabilization of Trace Element
13.5.2 Tolerance Mechanisms of Grasses to Trace Element Toxicity
13.5.3 The Effect of Root Exudates on Trace Element Availability and Uptake
13.6 Conclusion
References
Section III: Microbial Remediation
Chapter 14 Remediation Approaches in Environmental Sustainability
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Some of the Factor Responsible for Global Megatrends Include
14.2 Environmental Pollution
14.2.1 Causes of Environmental Pollution
14.2.1.1 Population Expansion
14.2.1.2 General Wealth and Economic Expansion
14.2.1.3 Modern Technology
14.2.1.4 Deforestation
14.2.1.5 Industrial Development
14.2.1.6 Urbanization
14.3 Classes of Remediation Technology
14.3.1 Physical Processes
14.3.1.1 Vapor or Gaseous Extraction
14.3.1.2 Surface Capping
14.3.1.3 Electro-Kinetic Remediation
14.3.2 Chemical Processes
14.3.2.1 Soil Washing
14.3.2.2 Stabilization and Solidification
14.3.2.3 Nanotechnology
14.3.3 Biological Process
14.3.3.1 Bioaugmentation
14.3.3.2 Bioventilation or Bioventing
14.3.3.3 Vermiremediation
14.3.3.4 Biostimulation
14.3.3.5 Phytoremediation
14.3.3.6 Phytodegradation
14.3.3.7 Phytoextration
14.3.3.8 Phytostabilization
14.3.3.9 Phytovolatization
14.3.3.10 Rhizodegradation
14.3.4 Thermal Process
14.3.4.1 Thermal Desorption
14.3.4.2 Vitrification
14.3.5 Combined Processes
14.4 An insight to Green Remediation Technology in Environmental Sustainability
14.5 Remediation Technology an Intervention to Global Warming
14.6 Summary
References
Chapter 15 Algae for Plastic Biodegradation: Emerging Approach in Mitigating Marine Pollution
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 A Summary of Microplastic Contamination in Marine Habitats
15.1.2 Bioavailability and Toxicity on Primary Producers
15.1.3 Bioavailability and Microplastic Toxicity on Marine Consumer Population
15.1.4 Sediments
15.2 Role of Algae and Microalgae in Plastic and Microplastic Biodegradation
15.2.1 Frontline Algae and Microalgae and their Mechanisms for Plastic Degradation
15.2.2 Algae for Bioplastic Preparation
15.3 Future Research Direction and Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 16 Bioremediation of Dye
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification of Dyes
16.2.1 Classification Based on Source
16.2.2 Classification Based on Chemical Structures/Applications
16.3 Chemical Structure of Azo and Anthraquinone Dyes
16.3.1 Azo Dyes
16.3.2 Anthraquinone Dyes
16.4 Industrial Discharge of Dye to the Environment
16.5 Environmental Impact of Dyes
16.6 Regulations Governing dye Discharge to the Environment
16.6.1 Chemical Methods of Dye Contamination Remediation
16.6.2 Physical Method for Dye Contamination Remediation
16.6.3 Biological Techniques of Dye Contamination Remediation
16.7 The Concept of Bioremediation of Dye Contaminated Environments
16.8 Microorganisms Involved in Bioremediation of Dye
16.8.1 Bacteria
16.8.2 Algae and Cyanobacteria
16.9 Mechanism of Dye Bioremediation
16.9.1 Aerobic Mechanism of Bioremediation
16.9.2 Anaerobic Mechanism of Bioremediation
16.9.3 Consortia of Aerobic and Anaerobic Mechanisms
16.10 Advantages and Limitations of Bioremediation of Dye
16.11 Factors Influencing Dye Bioremediation
16.11.1 The Nature of the Dye
16.11.2 Nature of the Environment
16.11.3 Type of Organism Involved
16.11.4 Availability of Nutrient
16.12 Future Advances in Dye Bioremediation
References
Chapter 17 Recent Advancements in the Bioremediation of Heavy Metals From the Polluted Environment by Novel Microorganisms
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Environmental Occurrence of Heavy Metals
17.2.1 Arsenic (AS)
17.2.2 Cadmium (Cd)
17.2.3 Chromium (Cr)
17.2.4 Lead (Pb)
17.2.5 Mercury (Hg)
17.2.6 Nickel (Ni)
17.2.7 Zinc (Zn)
17.2.8 Copper (Cu)
17.3 Heavy Metal Toxicity Toward Microbes
17.4 Microbial Resistance Mechanisms Against Heavy Metals
17.5 Fungal Bioremediation of Heavy Metal
17.6 Consortia of Microbes in Remediation of Heavy Metals
17.7 Phycoremediation
17.8 Microbe-Mediated Nanobioremediation of Heavy Metals
17.8.1 Molecular and Genetic Basis of Metal Tolerance in Microorganisms
17.8.2 Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms
References
Chapter 18 Bioremediation Approaches for Treatment of Heavy Metals, Pesticides and Antibiotics From the Environment
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Remediation of Heavy Metals by Bacteria
18.3 Remediation of Heavy Metals by Fungi
18.4 Remediation of Pyrethroids by Bacteria
18.5 Remediation of Pyrethroids by Fungi
18.6 Remediation of Fungicides by Bacteria
18.7 Remediation of Antibiotics by Bacteria
18.8 Remediation of Antibiotics by Fungi
18.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19 Current Advanced Technological Tools for the Bioremediation of Pesticides
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Bioremediation Affecting Factors
19.2.1 Moisture Level
19.2.2 Oxygen Concentration and Nutrient Availability
19.2.3 pH
19.2.4 Temperature
19.3 Concerns About Pesticides
19.3.1 Pesticides have a Long-Term Effect
19.3.2 Pesticides and their Consequences
19.4 Pesticide Biodegradation in Soil
19.5 Bioremediation Techniques
19.6 In Situ Bioremediation
19.6.1 In Situ Treatments
19.6.1.1 Bioventing
19.6.1.2 Biosparging
19.6.1.3 Bioaugmentation
19.7 Ex Situ Bioremediation
19.7.1 Landfarming
19.7.2 Biopiling
19.7.3 Composting
19.7.4 Bioreactors
19.7.5 Precipitation or Flocculation
19.7.6 Microfiltration
19.7.7 Electro Dialysis
19.8 Pesticide Degradation by Bacteria and Fungi
19.9 Phytoremediation
19.9.1 Phytoextraction
19.9.2 Rhizofiltration
19.9.3 Phytostabilisation
19.9.4 Phytodegradation (Phytotransformation)
19.9.5 Phytovolatilisation
19.9.5.1 Riparian Buffer Strips
19.9.5.2 Plants Cap
19.10 Rhizoremediation
19.11 Pesticide Degradation Through Genetics
19.12 Bioremediation of Pesticides Through Genetic Engineering
19.13 Genomic and Functional Genomics Applications
19.13.1 Metagenomics applications in pesticides bioremediation
19.13.2 Functional Genomics Applications in Pesticide Bioremediation
19.14 Immobilisation of Case Cells as a Strategy for Improving Pesticide Breakdown Efficiency
19.15 Advantages of Pesticides Bioremediation
19.16 Disadvantages of Pesticides Bioremediation
19.17 Finally, Some Thoughts
References
Chapter 20 Microbial Remediation of Agricultural Soils Contaminated with Agrochemicals
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Agrochemicals Fate in Agricultural Soil
20.3 Pesticide's Bioavailability for Microorganisms
20.3.1 Biosurfactants
20.3.2 Technologies Involved in Bioremediation
20.4 Microbial Degradation Mechanisms
20.4.1 Microorganisms Used in Bioremediation
20.5 Application of Microbial Remediation
20.5.1 Natural Attenuation
20.5.2 Biostimulation
20.5.3 Bioaugmentation
20.5.4 Bioventing
20.5.5 Biosparging
20.5.6 Bioreactors
20.5.7 Composting
20.6 Conclusion
References
Index