This up-to-date reference book discusses the synthesis, production, and application of various microbial enzymes and metabolites for health. Microorganisms like bacteria (lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus species), yeasts, and filamentous fungi have been globally exploited for their biotechnological applications. This book discusses ways to use them commercially. Chapters include the production of fibrinolytic enzymes, microbial lipases, bacteriocin production by lactic acid bacteria, and bioactives produced. It also covers microbial synthesis of alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids. The book is useful for researchers, academicians, and industry experts in microbiology and biotechnology.
Author(s): Amit Kumar Rai, Luciana Porto de Souza Vandenberghe, Binod Parameswaran, Ranjana Sirohi
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 202
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Section I: Microbial Enzymes in Healthcare
1. Microbial Enzymes and Metabolites in Health Care: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microbial Enzymes
1.2.1 Microbial Enzymes in Disease Diagnosis
1.2.2 Determination of Serum Triglycerides
1.3 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
1.4 Drug Assay Systems
1.5 Antibody-Antigen Reaction
1.6 Microbial Enzymes in Treatment of Diseases
1.6.1 As Anti-Inflammatory Agents
1.6.2 As Wound Healers
1.6.3 As Antibacterials
1.6.4 As Antithrombolytic Agents
1.6.5 As Digestive Aids
1.6.6 As Anticancer Chemotherapeutics
1.7 Microbial Enzymes in Drug Manufacturing
1.7.1 In Synthesis of Antimicrobials
1.7.2 In Dynamic Kinetic Resolution (DKR) of Drugs
1.7.3 In Synthesis of L-Tert-Leucines
1.7.4 In Synthesis of Statin Intermediates
1.8 Other Applications
1.9 Microbial Metabolites
1.9.1 As Antibiotics
1.9.2 As Antitumor Agents
1.9.3 As Immunosuppressant Drugs
1.9.4 As Enzyme Inhibitors
1.10 Conclusion
References
2. Microbial Production of Fibrinolytic Enzymes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbial Sources of Fibrinolytic Enzymes
2.3 Recombinant Fibrinolytic Enzymes
2.3.1 General Genetic Engineering Approach to Produce Fibrinolytic Enzyme by Microorganisms
2.3.2 Recombinant Fibrinolytic Enzymes Produced by Microorganisms
2.4 Optimization of Culture Conditions for Producing Recombinant Fibrinolytic Enzyme
2.5 Recovery of Microbial Fibrinolytic Enzymes
2.6 Conclusions
References
3. Microbial Enzymes for Synthesis of Chiral Drug Intermediates
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Key Microbial Enzymes for Chiral Drug Intermediates
3.2.1 Lipases
3.2.2 Aldolases
3.2.3 Lyases and Hydrolases
3.2.4 Oxidoreductases
3.2.5 Transaminases
3.3 Engineered Enzymes
3.4 Conclusions
References
4. Microbial Enzymes in Biomedical Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Applications of Microbial Enzymes in Biomedical Sectors
4.2.1 Analytical/Diagnostic Enzymes
4.2.2 Biosensors
4.2.3 Therapeutics Enzymes
4.2.3.1 Asparginase
4.2.3.2 Chitinase
4.2.3.3 Collagenase
4.2.3.4 Lipase
4.2.3.5 Nattokinase
4.2.3.6 Serratiopeptidase
4.2.4 Thrombolytic Drugs
4.2.4.1 Streptokinase
4.2.4.2 Staphylokinase
4.2.4.3 Superoxide Dismutase
4.3 Nutraceutical Enzymes
4.4 Microbial Enzymes in Pharmaceutical Industry Applications
4.5 Problems and Safety Concerns
4.6 Future Prospects of Microbial Enzymes in Biomedicine
4.7 Conclusions
References
5. Microbial Lipases: Production and Application
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Historical Overview
5.2 Chemical Characterization of Lipases
5.3 Sources and Classification of Lipase
5.4 Microbial Lipases
5.4.1 Bacterial Lipases
5.4.2 Fungal Lipases
5.4.3 Yeast Lipases
5.5 Production and Purification of Lipases
5.5.1 Screening for Lipolytic Activity
5.6 Applications
5.6.1 Application in Food and Nutraceutical Industry
5.6.1.1 Food Products
5.6.1.2 Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals
5.6.2 Application of Lipase in Textile Industry
5.6.3 Cosmetics
5.6.4 Biodiesel Production
5.7 Conclusion
References
6. Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds Produced Using Microbial Enzymes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microbial Enzymes for Production of Bioactive Compounds
6.3 Health Benefits of Bioactive Compounds
6.3.1 Antioxidant Compounds
6.3.2 Antihypertensive Compounds
6.3.3 Antidiabetic Compounds
6.3.4 Antimicrobial Properties
6.3.5 Anticancer Compounds
6.3.6 Production of Prebiotic Molecules
6.3.7 Immunomodulatory Properties
6.3.8 Reduction of Antinutritional Factors
6.4 Conclusions
References
Section II: Microbial Metabolites in Healthcare
7. Bacteriocin Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Bacteriocins
7.3 Modes of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance
7.4 Microbial Production of Bacteriocins
7.5 Recombinant Microorganisms for Bacteriocins Production
7.6 Applications of Bacteriocins in Healthcare
7.6.1 Treatment of Urogenital Diseases and Spermicidal Activity
7.6.2 Antitumoral Activity
7.6.3 Mitigation of Gastrointestinal Disburbs
7.6.4 Anti-Inflammatory and Immuno-Modulatory Effect
7.6.5 Treatment of Skin Inflammatory Diseases
7.7 Controlled Delivery of Bacteriocins
7.8 Market and Available Commercial Products
7.9 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
8. Production and Application of Antimicrobial Compounds from Endophytes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Antimicrobial Compounds Isolated from Endophytes
8.2.1 Aliphatic Compounds
8.2.2 Peptides
8.2.3 Phenols and Phenolic Acids
8.2.4 Alkaloids
8.2.5 Steroids
8.2.6 Terpenoids
8.2.7 Quinones
8.2.8 Benzophenones
8.2.9 Lactones
8.2.10 Others
8.3 Applications
8.3.1 Fight against Plant Pathogens
8.3.2 Fight against Human Pathogens
8.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
9. Microbial Synthesis and Application of Terpenoids and Steroids
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Terpenoids
9.2.1 Microbial Production of Terpenoids
9.2.1.1 Production Using Bacteria
9.2.1.2 Production Using Fungi
9.2.1.3 Production Using Photosynthetic Microorganisms
9.2.2 Biosynthesis of Terpenoids
9.2.2.1 The MET Pathway
9.2.2.2 The MVA Pathway
9.3 Microbial Production of Steroids
9.3.1 Steroids Produced by Microorganisms
9.3.2 Prednisone and Prednisolone
9.3.3 Dexamethasone
9.3.4 Betamethasone
9.3.5 Hydrocortisone
9.3.6 Methylprednisolone
9.4 Synthesis and Pathways of Microorganisms
9.5 Healthcare Applications
9.5.1 Health Applications of Terpenoids
9.5.1.1 Anti-Cancer Activity
9.5.1.2 Antimicrobial, Antifungal and Antiviral Activities
9.5.1.3 Antioxidant Activity
9.5.1.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity
9.6 Health Applications of Steroids
9.6.1 Anti-Inflammatory Applications
9.6.2 Application as an Alternative Anesthetic
9.6.3 Application as a Contraceptive
9.6.4 Other Applications of Steroids
9.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
10. Microbial Synthesis of Polypeptides and Applications in Healthcare
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Proteolysis by Microbial Fermentation
10.2.1 Microorganism Selection Criteria
10.2.2 Mechanism of Proteolysis
10.3 Bioactive Polypeptides Derived from Microbes and Human Health
10.3.1 Antioxidant Peptides
10.3.2 Antihypertensive Peptides
10.3.3 Antimicrobial Peptides
10.3.4 Antidiabetic Peptides
10.3.5 Immunomodulatory Peptides
10.3.6 Anticancer Peptides
10.3.7 Multifunctional Peptides
10.4 Applications of Bioactive Peptides Derived from Microbes
10.5 Challenges in the Development of Microbial-Derived Polypeptides
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Microbial Synthesis of Alkaloids and Applications in Healthcare
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Alkaloids
11.3 Engineering Strategies for the Heterologous Synthesis of Alkaloids in Microbes
11.4 Applications of Alkaloids in Healthcare
11.5 Conclusions
References
Index
