Microbial Endophytes and Plant Growth: Beneficial Interactions and Applications

Front Cover
Microbial Endophytes and Plant Growth
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Microbial endophytes’ association and application in plant health: an overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microbial endophytes
1.2.1 Analysis of endophytes
1.2.2 Transmission of endophytes
1.2.3 Visualization of endophytes inside plant tissue
1.3 Applications of microbial endophytes
1.3.1 Plant growth regulator and nutrient manager
1.3.2 Microbial biofertilizer
1.3.3 Phytoremediation through endophytes
1.3.4 Endophytes as phytostimulator
1.3.5 Role of endophytes in phytovolatilization
1.3.6 Plant disease protector
1.4 Major constrains and future prospectus
References
2 Endophytes: a potential bioagent for plant disease management
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Colonization of endophytes
2.3 Diversity of microbes in the medicinal plant
2.3.1 Medicinal plant-associated fungal endophyte
2.3.2 Medicinal plant-associated bacteria
2.4 Ecology of the medicinal plant-associated microbiome
2.4.1 Factors influencing the interactions between the medicinal plant and associated fungi
2.4.1.1 Habitat
2.4.1.2 Soil type
2.4.1.3 Interaction type
2.5 Plant disease management
2.6 Volatile and non-volatile compounds produced by endophytes for plant disease management
2.6.1 Volatile compounds from endophytes
2.6.2 Non-volatile compounds from endophytes
2.7 The mechanism of plant disease management
2.7.1 Mycoparasitism
2.7.2 Antibiosis
2.7.3 Induced systemic resistance
2.7.4 Competition
2.7.5 Other mechanisms
2.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
Author contributions
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgments
References
3 Role of bacterial endophytes in plant stress tolerance: current research and future outlook
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Role of bacterial endophytes under biotic stress in plants
3.2.1 Fungi
3.2.2 Bacteria and virus
3.2.3 Nematodes, insects and plants
3.3 Role of bacterial endophytes under abiotic stress in plants
3.3.1 Salinity
3.3.2 Inorganic and organic pollution
3.3.2.1 Heavy metal pollution
3.3.2.2 Organic pollution
3.3.3 Climatic stress
3.3.3.1 Atmospheric CO2
3.3.3.2 Temperature
3.3.3.3 Drought
3.4 Inoculant formulations to use endophytes as a biotool for plant stress relief
3.5 Future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
4 Endophytic bacteria to control plant viruses: an overview
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The phenomenon of endophytic microorganisms
4.2.1 Colonization of plants and transmission of endophytes
4.2.2 Methods of endophytes’ investigation
4.3 Plant viruses and viral diseases
4.3.1 Modern approaches to control viral infections in plants
4.4 Plant protection using endophytic microorganisms
4.5 Endophytic microorganisms and systemic resistance to viruses
4.6 Influence of plant growth-promoting strains of microorganisms on virus vectors
4.7 The direct influence of endophytes on viral particles
4.8 Conclusion
References
5 The potential of endophytes to sustain plant performance in a climate change scenario
5.1 Introduction
5.2 What are endophytes?
5.3 Isolation of microbial endophytes
5.4 Endophytes–host plant interactions
5.5 Beneficial key roles of endophytes as a biocontrol agent
5.6 Mechanisms of endophytes as biofertilizers
5.7 Potential of endophytes to stimulate host defense mechanisms
5.8 Bio-compounds produced in the endophyte-plant synergy against biotic stresses
5.9 Compounds that may improve endophytic colonization and factors would diminish microbial performance
5.10 Influence of endophytes in plant responses to abiotic stresses for a sustainable remedy to climate change mitigation
5.11 Microbial endophytes’ bioremediation potential
5.12 Conclusions
References
6 Endophytic microbes from medicinal plants, their antimicrobial potential, and role in green agriculture
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Different types of endophytic microbes
6.3 Endophytes microbes and host plant interaction
6.4 Endophytic microbes related to medicinal plants
6.5 Different types of endophytes associated with medicinal plants
6.6 Endophytic microbes related to tomato, potato, legumes, and fruits
6.7 Role of endophytic microbes in plant growth
6.7.1 Endophytic bacteria
6.7.2 Role of endophytic fungi
6.8 Role of endophytes in biological control and phosphate solubilization
6.9 Mode of action of endophytic microbes in plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biocontrol, phosphate solubilization
6.10 Major metabolites, antimicrobial compounds origin from agricultural important endophytic microbes
6.11 Conclusion and future prospective
Acknowledgement
References
7 Mangrove endophytes and their natural metabolites: role in promoting plant health
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Plant growth and development
7.1.2 Plant pests and pathogens
7.1.3 Signs and symptoms of plant diseases
7.1.4 Plant defense systems
7.1.5 Endophytes and their role in plant health
7.1.5.1 Plant growth promotion under abiotic stress
7.1.5.2 Increased resistance to biotic stress
7.2 Mangrove plants and their endophytes
7.2.1 Mangrove habitats, distribution, and significance
7.2.2 Adaptability and diversity of mangrove plants
7.2.3 Endophytes from mangrove plants
7.3 Mangrove endophytes and their metabolites with a role in plant health
7.4 Avicennia endophytes and their metabolites with a role in plant health
7.4.1 Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) (syn. Avicennia nitida)
7.4.2 Avicennia marina (gray or white mangrove)
7.4.2.1 Avicennia marina subsp. marina (syn. Avicennia lanata)
7.4.2.2 Avicennia marina subsp. marina (syn. Abies alba)
7.4.2.3 Avicennia officinalis (Indian mangrove)
7.5 Conclusions and prospects
References
8 Role of fungal endophytes on mycorrhizal-plant association and its impact on plant fitness
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Endophytes
8.1.2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
8.2 Belowground root associated fungi-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interaction
8.2.1 Dark septate endophytes
8.2.2 Phosphate solubilizing fungi
8.2.2.1 Importance, diversity, and applications
8.2.2.2 In vitro phosphate-solubilizing fungus effect on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi asymbiotic, pre-symbiotic and symbiot...
8.2.2.3 Phosphate-solubilizing fungus and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interactions on plant fitness
8.3 Aboveground fungal endophytes–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interactions
8.3.1 Epichloë endophytes
8.3.1.1 Effects of Epichloë endophytes on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
8.3.1.2 Influence of Epichloë on the diversity and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities
8.3.1.3 Effect of Epichloë endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant fitness
8.3.1.4 Epichloë infected plants modulate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization and growth of neighboring plants
8.3.2 Horizontal-transmitted leaf endophytes
8.4 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
9 Postharvest disease management of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using endophytic actinobacteria as natural biocontrol ...
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Common postharvest diseases of tomato and its management
9.2 Major postharvest diseases and their causative agents
9.2.1 Major fungal postharvest diseases of tomato
9.2.2 Major bacterial postharvest diseases of tomato
9.2.3 Major viral postharvest diseases of tomato
9.2.4 Approaches to control postharvest pathogen
9.2.5 Physical control
9.2.6 Chemical control
9.2.7 Biological control
9.2.8 Endophytes as efficient biocontrol agent
9.2.9 Colonization of endophytes
9.3 Endophytic actinobacteria for disease suppression in Tomato
9.4 Commercial strains of actinobacteria available in the market
9.5 Future prospects
9.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
10 Endophyte mediated plant health via phytohormones and biomolecules
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Phytohormones by endophytes
10.2.1 Auxin biosynthesis
10.2.2 Gibberellin biosynthesis
10.2.3 Cytokinin biosynthesis
10.2.4 Abscisic acid
10.2.5 Salicylic acid
10.3 Biomolecules contributed by endophytes
10.3.1 Secondary metabolites
10.3.1.1 Alkaloids
10.3.1.2 Terpenoids
10.3.1.3 Isocoumarin derivatives
10.3.1.4 Quinones
10.3.1.5 Flavonoids
10.3.1.6 Chlorinated metabolites
10.3.1.7 Phenol and phenolic acids
10.3.2 Enzymes
10.3.2.1 Chitinases
10.3.2.2 Cellulase
10.3.2.3 Hemicellulase
10.3.2.4 Pectinase
10.3.2.5 Xylanases
10.3.2.6 Antioxidant enzymes
10.3.2.7 1-Aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate deaminase
10.3.3 Metal chelating molecules
10.3.3.1 Siderophore
10.3.4 Antibiotics
10.3.5 Antioxidants
10.4 Mechanisms of endophyte mediated disease control
10.4.1 Endophyte-mediated abiotic stress tolerance
10.4.1.1 Drought tolerance via endophytes
10.4.1.2 Salinity and alkalinity tolerance
10.4.1.3 Temperature stress tolerance
10.4.2 Endophyte-mediated biotic stress tolerance
10.4.2.1 Induction of disease resistance in plants
10.4.2.2 Mechanism of endophyte-mediated disease control
10.5 Conclusion and future outlook
References
11 Bacterial endophytes as bioinoculant: microbial functions and applications toward sustainable farming
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Diversity of bacterial endophytes isolated from different plants
11.3 Role of bacterial endophytes as bioinoculants in agriculture
11.3.1 Nitrogen assimilation
11.3.2 Phosphate solubilization
11.3.3 Siderophore production
11.3.4 Potassium (K) solubilization
11.3.5 Zinc (Zn) solubilization
11.3.6 Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase utilization
11.4 Approach for development of bioinoculants
11.4.1 Characteristics of bioinoculate formulations
11.4.2 Role of biotechnological processes in plant growth-promoting endophytic bacterial formulation preparation
11.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
12 Endophytic fungi of the genus Talaromyces and plant health
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Notes on taxonomy
12.3 Endophytic occurrence of Talaromyces species
12.4 Interactions with plants
12.4.1 Endophytic Talaromyces and plant growth promotion
12.4.2 Endophytic Talaromyces as antagonists of plant pathogens
12.4.3 Exploitation of bioactive properties of secondary metabolites and enzymes
12.5 Use in crop protection
12.6 Conclusions
References
13 Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by amalgamating microbial endophytes: potential environmental applications and futur...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Endophytes and nanoparticles
13.2.1 Endophytic microbes as bio-factories of nanoparticles
13.3 Isolation technique of endophytic microorganism
13.4 Nanoparticle synthesis by amalgamating endophytic microorganisms
13.4.1 The amalgamation of bacterial endophytes
13.4.2 The amalgamation of endophytic fungi
13.4.3 The amalgamation of endophytic actinomycetes
13.5 Effect of various parameters during nanoparticles synthesis
13.5.1 Effect of pH
13.5.2 Effect of temperatures
13.5.3 Effect of precursor concentration
13.5.4 Effects of the microbial growth phase
13.6 Characterization of synthesized nanoparticle
13.7 Application of endophytic nanoparticles
13.7.1 Phytopathology
13.7.1.1 Nano-metal toxicity against bacteria
13.7.1.2 Nano-metal toxicity against fungus
13.7.1.3 Nano-biotechnology enhancing plant resistance
13.7.1.4 Nano pesticides improve plant resistance
13.7.1.5 Plant growth-inducing effect of nanoparticles
13.7.1.6 Nematocidal agents
13.7.1.7 Insecticidal agents
13.7.2 Pharmacological applications
13.7.2.1 Anti-carcinogenic activity
13.7.2.2 Larvicidal activity
13.7.2.3 Anti-inflammatory activity
13.7.2.4 Antibiofilm activity
13.7.3 Human health applications
13.7.3.1 Wound healing activity
13.7.3.2 Antiviral activity
13.7.3.3 Antioxidant activity
13.7.3.4 Immunomodulators and substantial agents
13.7.3.5 Antidiabetic agent
13.7.4 Textile fabrics coatings
13.7.5 Biosensors for contaminant detection
13.7.6 Disease management
13.7.7 Biomedical applications
13.7.8 Antimicrobial agent against multidrug-resistant bacteria
13.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
14 Beneficial endophytic Trichoderma functions in plant health management
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Host range and diversity
14.3 Mechanism of plant interaction
14.3.1 Colonization of plants by endophytic Trichoderma
14.4 Plant fitness responses by endophytic Trichoderma
14.4.1 Nutrient acquisition
14.4.2 Phytohormone production and modulation
14.4.3 Mechanism of alleviations of abiotic and biotic stress
14.4.4 Mechanism of alleviations of biotic stress
14.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
15 Environmental factors and plant–microbes (endophytes) interaction: an overview and future outlook
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Distribution and occurrence of endophytes
15.2.1 Types of endophytes
15.2.1.1 Based on cellular organization
15.2.1.2 Systemic and non-systemic
15.2.1.3 Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous
15.2.2 Occurrence and distribution in nature
15.2.3 Entophytes as a warehouse of secondary metabolites
15.2.3.1 Taxol (paclitaxel)
15.2.3.2 Camptothecin
15.2.3.3 Huperzine-A (HupA)
15.2.3.4 Etoposide and teniposide
15.2.3.5 Helvolic acid
15.2.3.6 Chloropupukeananin
15.3 Endophyte function as genetic alternation in the host
15.4 Mechanisms and application of endophytes in environmental stresses
15.4.1 Drought stress
15.4.2 Salinity stress
15.4.3 Temperature stress
15.4.4 Heavy metal toxicity
15.4.5 Nutrient stress (uptake and recycling of nutrients)
15.5 Hypothetical mechanisms promoting abiotic stress tolerance in plants mediated by endophytes
15.5.1 Osmotic adjustment
15.5.2 Protection against oxidative stress
15.5.2.1 Synthesis of antioxidants
15.5.2.2 Reduction of ethylene concentration
15.5.2.3 Detoxification of ammonia
15.5.2.4 The activity of defense-related genes
15.6 Challenges in biopesticides development with endophytes for environmental stresses mitigation
15.7 Conclusion and future outlook
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgment
References
16 Endophytic Fusarium and their association with plant growth
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A fine line-endophytic Fusarium either pathogenic or nonpathogenic organism
16.3 Endophytic Fusarium and their association with plant
16.3.1 Positive response
16.3.2 Negative response
16.3.2.1 Mycotoxins
16.3.2.2 Fusarium mycotoxins' relationship with host plant
16.4 Endophytic Fusarium and their role in plant growth
16.4.1 Bioactive compounds
16.4.2 Secondary metabolites
16.4.3 Diseases management
16.5 Conclusion and future outlook
References
17 Microbial endophytes as probiotics for the plant health: an overview
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Plant probiotics endophytes
17.3 Effect on plant health
17.3.1 Endophytes as biocontrol
17.3.2 Nutrient management and mobilization
17.3.3 Bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites
17.3.4 Root colonizer and phytohormone producer
17.3.5 Iron chelating endophytes
17.3.6 Abiotic stress tolerance and ACC deaminase producer
17.4 Potential use of endophytic probiotics in industries
17.5 Genome mapping of potential endophytes
17.6 Progress and developments of endophytic probiotics
17.7 Conclusive remarks
References
18 Efficacy of microbial endophytes in bioremediation: current research and future outlook
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Sources of toxic trace elements and their impacts on soil health
18.2.1 Contamination through natural sources
18.2.2 Contamination through anthropogenic sources
18.2.2.1 Geogenic
18.2.2.2 Municipal
18.2.2.3 Industrial
18.2.2.4 Agricultural
18.2.3 Mechanisms of metal tolerance and detoxification by the endophyte microbes
18.2.4 Impacts on soil health
18.2.5 Significance of microbes in soil health sustenance under heavy metal-contaminated soil
18.3 Potentiality of endophytes for the remediation of toxic trace elements
18.3.1 Bacteria
18.3.2 Fungi
18.4 Future research strategies
References
Further reading
Index
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