This second volume of a two-volume work reviews beneficial bioactive compounds from various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria in plant diseases management and the postharvest management of fruits using microbial antagonists. Furthermore, it reviews the impact of climate change on food security and addressed the legal aspects of microbial biocontrol applications.
The two-volume work “Microbial Biocontrol” introduces to mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions and explores latest strategies of how microbes can be applied in biocontrol and management of plant pathogens, replacing chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The book covers different groups of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, but also the interplay of entire microbiomes, and reviews their specific benefits in crop growth promotion, in enhancing the plants’ tolerance against biotic and abiotic stress as well as in post-harvest management of various plant diseases. Novel tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 and microbe derived nanoparticles are also addressed besides the legal aspects of biocontrol applications.
Today, rising global population and changing climatic conditions emerge as a major challenge for agronomist farmers and researchers in fulfilling the requirements of global food production. The conventional agricultural practices utilize undistributed use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to enhance growth and yield of agricultural products and fresh foods, but their extensive and continuous use have led to a range of negative consequences on the food quality and safety, to environment as well as to human and animal health. Microbial biocontrol applications are presented as a solution, paving the way to a sustainable agriculture in compliance with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).The book addresses researchers in academia and agriculture.
Author(s): Ajay Kumar
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 339
City: Cham
Contents
1: Impact of Climate Change on Food Security and Plant Disease
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Climate Changes and Plant Diseases
1.3 Effects of Climate Change on Plant Pathogenic Fungi
1.4 Effects of Climate Change on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria
1.5 Effects of Climate Change on Plant Viruses
1.6 Climate Effects on Host-Pathogen Interactions
1.7 Food Security under Climate Change Stress
1.8 Disease Management in Climate Change Conditions
1.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
2: Speed Breeding for Rapid Cycling of Crops for Stress Management and Global Food Security
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genesis of Speed Breeding Protocol
2.3 Implementation of Speed Breeding Protocol
2.4 Limitation and Challenges of the Approach
2.5 Prospects and Applications
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Role of Trichoderma spp. in Biocontrol of Plant Diseases
3.1 Introduction
3.2 An Introduction to Trichoderma spp.
3.2.1 Taxonomy of Trichoderma spp.
3.2.2 Abundance of Trichoderma spp.
3.2.3 Isolation and Identification of Trichoderma spp.
3.3 Mode of Action of Trichoderma spp. against Plant Diseases
3.3.1 Trichoderma-Pathogen Interaction
3.3.1.1 Mycoparasitism
3.3.1.2 Antibiosis
3.3.1.3 Competition
3.3.2 Trichoderma-Plant Interaction
3.3.2.1 Plant Growth Promotion and Yield Improvement
3.3.2.2 Induction of Disease Resistance in Plants
3.4 Trichoderma spp. to Control Various Plant Pathogens
3.4.1 Trichoderma spp. to Control Fungal Plant Pathogens
3.4.2 Trichoderma spp. to Combat against Bacterial Plant Diseases
3.4.3 Controlling Plant Parasitic Nematodes Using Trichoderma spp.
3.4.4 Trichoderma spp. to Control Plant Viral and Viroid Related Plant Diseases
3.5 Advantages and Limitations of Trichoderma spp. as Biocontrol Agent
3.5.1 Advantages
3.5.1.1 A Suitable Alternative to Replace Synthetic Chemicals
3.5.1.2 Versatile in Nature
3.5.1.3 Cost-Effective
3.5.1.4 Eco-Friendly and Minimized Safety Concerns
3.5.1.5 Easy to Commercialization
3.5.2 Limitations
3.5.2.1 Slower Effect
3.5.2.2 Effect on Other Soil Microbiota
3.5.2.3 Uncertainty in Field Performance
3.6 Conclusion
References
4: Endophytic Microbiome in Bioactive Compound Production and Plant Disease Management
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Diversity of Endophytic Microbiome in Different Ecosystems and the Factors Influencing the Production of Bioactive Compoun...
4.2.1 Endophytic Fungi
4.2.2 Endophytic Yeasts
4.2.3 Endophytic Bacteria
4.2.4 Endophytic Actinomycetes
4.2.5 Endophytic Archaea
4.3 Uncultured Endophytic Microbiome
4.4 Endophytes: A Sustainable Pandora´s Box of Secondary Metabolites
4.4.1 What Triggers Endophytes to Symbiosis?
4.4.2 Why Do Endophytes Produce Host-Derived or Novel Secondary Metabolites?
4.4.3 Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT): For Gaining Novel Traits
4.5 Endophytic Jewels: The Bioactive Natural Productome
4.5.1 Classes of Secondary Metabolites
4.5.1.1 Terpenes and Steroids
4.5.1.2 Polyketides and Fatty Acids
4.5.1.3 Phenylpropanoids
4.5.1.4 Alkaloids
4.5.1.5 Amino Acids and Nonribosomal Peptides
4.6 Endophytes Against Plant Disease Management
4.6.1 Endophytic Microbe´s Secondary Metabolites in Plant Disease Management
4.6.2 Microbe Crude Extract in Plant Disease Management
4.6.3 Antimicrobial Potential of Endophytic Microbes in Plant Disease Management
4.6.4 Mechanism of Plant Disease Management
4.6.5 Direct Mechanism
4.6.5.1 Antibiosis
4.6.5.2 Lytic Enzymes
4.6.5.3 Phytohormone
4.6.5.4 Phosphate Solubilization
4.6.5.5 Siderophore Production
4.6.5.6 ACC Deaminase Activity (1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate)
4.6.6 Indirect Mechanism
4.6.6.1 Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
4.6.7 Biocontrol Activity
4.7 The Hurdles in the Journey of Endophytes from Lab to Land and the Future Prospects
4.7.1 Upscale Fermentation of the Bioactive Compound
4.7.2 Untapping the Uncultured Endophytic Microbiome
4.7.3 Effect on Human Microbiome
4.7.4 Costing and Policies
4.8 Conclusions
References
5: Molecular Basis of Plant-PGPM Interactions During Amelioration of Biotic Stress
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Molecular Interaction Between PGPMs and Plants
5.1.2 Microbial Association for Plant Immunity
5.1.3 Mutual Benefits During Biotic Stress
5.1.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes and Their Role in Plant´s Wellbeing
5.1.4.1 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB)
5.1.4.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi (PGPF)
5.2 Plant-PGPM Interaction for Amelioration of Bacterial and Fungal Diseases at Molecular Level
5.2.1 ISR and SAR in Defence Mechanism
5.2.2 Molecular Basis of Redox Homeostasis in Response to Bacterial and Fungal Diseases in Presence of PGPMs
5.2.2.1 Molecular Mechanisms of PGPMs Against Viral Diseases
5.3 Omics Approaches to Study Plant-Microbe Interactions
5.4 High-Throughput Sequencing Technologies to Study Interactions of Plant-PGPMs-Pathogens
5.5 Unculturable Microbes and Endophytes: Molecular Perspective for Biotic Stress Amelioration
5.6 Challenges Ahead and Future Prospective
5.6.1 The Role of Environmental Factors and Climate Change Influencing the Molecular Level of Plant-Microbe Interaction During...
5.6.2 Rapid Evolution in Plant-Microbe Interaction at the Molecular Scale
5.6.3 Priming in Plant-Pathogen Interactions
5.6.4 Developing Disease-Resistant Varieties Taking Clues from PGPMs
5.6.5 Emerging Phytopathogens
5.7 Conclusions
References
6: Cyanobacteria as a Biocontrol Agent
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cyanobacterial Secondary Metabolites
6.3 Cyanobacteria in the Production of Varied Bioactive Metabolites
6.4 Cyanotoxins (Toxic Secondary Metabolites)
6.5 Cyanobacteria as Biocontrol Agents
6.5.1 Ecological Impact of Cyanobacterial Allelochemicals/Algicidal Activity
6.5.2 Bactericidal Activity
6.5.3 Fungicidal Activity
6.5.4 Antiviral Activity
6.5.5 Antiprotozoal Activity and Insecticidal Activity
6.5.6 Antitumoral/Anticancer Activity
6.6 Future Perspectives
References
7: Tailoring Disease Resilience Crops through CRISPR/Cas
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Bits of Knowledge of CRISPR/Cas Framework Development
7.3 Exploitation of CRISPR/Cas Innovation
7.4 CRISPR/Cas in Altering Plants for Food Security
7.4.1 Improvement of Abiotic Stress Resilience Utilizing CRISPR/Cas Framework
7.4.2 Editing Plants for Disease Resistance
7.4.2.1 CRISPR/Cas and Viral Disease Management
7.4.2.2 Role of CRISPR/Cas in Crop Tolerance Towards Bacterial Pathogen
7.4.2.3 Role of CRISPR/Cas in Helping Plants to Fight against Fungal Pathogen
7.5 Future Prospective of CRISPR/Cas in Offering Food Securities
7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
8: Microbial Battling of Fire Blight Disease on Pome Fruits
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Pathogenic Bacterium, Erwinia Amylovora
8.3 Disease Symptoms and Pathogenicity
8.4 Approaches for Management of E. Amylovora
8.5 Antagonists of E. Amylovora
8.6 Biological Mechanism of E. Amylovora Prevention by Antagonists
8.7 Compatibility of Bacterial Antagonists with Antibiotics
8.8 Future Perspectives
References
9: Microbial Antagonists from Different Environments Used in the Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Microbial Antagonists: Which Mechanisms Do Biocontrol Agents Employ Against Plant Phytopathogenic Fungi?
9.3 Microbial Antagonists from Different Environments
9.4 Bioproducts Based on Microbial Antagonists
9.5 Microbial Antagonists and Nanotechnology
9.6 Conclusion
References
10: Enhancement of Biocontrol Agents Activity by Compatible Treatments Against Postharvest Disease of Fruits
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Enhanced Biocontrol by Physical Treatments
10.3 Enhanced Biocontrol by Resistance Inducers
10.4 Enhanced Biocontrol by Food Additives
10.5 Enhanced Biocontrol by Essential Oils
10.6 Enhanced Biocontrol by Low Fungicide Doses
10.7 Enhanced Biocontrol by Mixed Antagonist Cultures
10.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
11: Microbial Management of Ornamental Plants/Palm Common Pests
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Phytophagous Mites
11.2.1 Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Control of Phytophagous Mites
11.2.2 Entomopathogenic Bacteria for the Control of Phytophagous Mites
11.2.3 Entomopathogenic Viruses for the Control of Phytophagous Mites
11.3 Defoliators
11.3.1 Entomopathogenic Bacteria for the Control of Defoliators
11.3.2 Entomopathogenic Viruses for the Control of Defoliators
11.3.3 Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Defoliators
11.4 Borers
11.4.1 Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Control of Borers
11.4.2 Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Borers
11.5 Weevils
11.6 Sap Feeders
11.6.1 Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Control of Sap Feeders
11.6.2 Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Sap Feeders
11.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
12: Legal and Commercial Aspect of Microbial Control
12.1 Basic Introduction Regarding Microorganism Patentability
12.2 Budapest Treaty: Deposition of Microorganisms
12.3 International Depositary Authority (IDA)
12.4 TRIPS Agreement: Patenting Microorganisms
12.5 Status of Microbial Patenting
12.6 Superbug: Discovery or Invention
12.7 Patenting Microorganisms: Position in India
12.8 The Patent Act (Amendments)
12.9 Conclusion
References
13: Bacterial Antagonists: Effective Tools for the Management of Postharvest Diseases in Fruits, Vegetables, and Food Grains
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Bacterial Antagonists Against the Diseases: Biotechnological Approaches
13.2.1 Via Nanoparticles Synthesis
13.2.2 Via Chitin Degradation
13.3 Common Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables
13.4 Major Bacterial Genera as Antagonist
13.4.1 Streptomyces
13.4.2 Bacillus
13.4.3 Pseudomonas
13.5 Future Prospects
References
14: Adapting to the Changing Environment: Microbial Way of Life
14.1 Background
14.2 Concept of Environmental Change
14.2.1 Extreme Environment
14.3 Physicochemical Factors Limiting to Life
14.3.1 Water
14.3.2 Salinity
14.3.3 Temperature
14.3.4 pH
14.3.5 Radiation
14.3.6 Low Nutrients
14.3.7 Pollution
14.4 Soil as Habitat for Microbes
14.4.1 Extreme Soils
14.4.1.1 Desert Soils
14.4.1.2 Tundra Soils
14.5 Significance of Studying Extremophiles
14.6 Adaptation
14.7 Conclusion
References
