Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental Sensing and Monitoring

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Editors
List of Contributors
1 Metal-Organic Frameworks: An Introduction to Advanced Sensing Applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthesis of MOFs
1.3 Chemistry and Applications of MOFs
1.4 MOFs for Environment Sensing and Monitoring
1.4.1 MOFs for Toxic Chemical and Gas Sensors
1.4.2 MOFs for Agricultural Waste (Pesticides) Sensors
1.4.3 MOFs for Biosensors
1.4.4 MOFs for Pharmaceutical/Neurochemicals Sensors
1.4.5 MOFs for Viruses/Bacteria Sensors
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Introduction to Metal-Organic Frameworks
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Building Units of MOFs
2.2.1 Concept of Metal Nodes in the Formation of the Framework Structure
2.2.2 Concept of Secondary Building Unit (SBU)
2.2.3 Organic Linkers Or Spacers
2.3 Flexibility and Soft Nature of MOFs
2.4 General Application of MOFs
References
3 Recent Developments in MOF-Polymer Composites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Strategies to Synthesize MOF-Polymer Composites
3.2.1 Polymerization Within MOFs
3.2.1.1 Polymerization of Ligands
3.2.2 Growth of MOFs On Polymer Surfaces
3.2.3 Encapsulation of Polymer Chains Into MOF Structures
3.2.4 Polymer Grafted MOFs
3.2.5 Encapsulation of MOFs Into Polymers
3.2.6 Mixed Matrix Membranes
3.3 Properties of MOF-Polymer Composites
3.4 Applications of MOF-Polymer Composites
3.4.1 For Hydrogen Storage
3.4.2 For CO2 Storage/Adsorption
3.4.3 Water Treatment
3.4.3.1 Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants/Dyes
3.4.3.2 Water Capture
3.4.4 Sensing Applications
3.4.5 Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents
3.4.6 Other Catalytic Applications
3.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
References
4 MOFs Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Properties of MOF-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
4.2.1 Features of MOFs
4.2.1.1 Structure of MOFs
4.2.1.2 MOF-Based Nanocomposites
4.2.2 Metal Oxide
4.2.2.1 Zinc Oxide
4.2.2.2 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
4.2.2.3 Copper Oxides
4.2.3 Metal Oxide Nanocomposite
4.2.4 Structure of Metal-Oxide Nanocomposite
4.2.4.1 Core-Shell Nanostructure
4.2.4.2 Yolk-Shell Nanostructure
4.3 Fundamental Application of MOF Metal-Oxide-Based Nanocomposites
4.3.1 Sensor Application
4.3.1.1 Gas Adsorption and Storage Applications
4.3.2 Catalyst Applications
4.3.2.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)
4.3.2.2 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
4.4 Conclusion and Perspective
References
5 Synthesis and Applications of MOFs Chalcogenide-Based Nanocomposites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Structure of MOF@metal Chalcogenide Composites
5.2.1 Core-Shell Structure
5.2.2 Sandwich Structure
5.2.3 Within the Pore Structure
5.3 General Synthetic Methods of MOF@metal Chalcogenide Nanocomposites
5.3.1 Bottle Around Ship Method
5.3.2 Ship in Bottle Method
5.3.3 Photochemical Deposition
5.3.4 Direct Binding
5.4 Electrocatalytic Applications of MOF@metal Chalcogenide Composites
5.4.1 Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
5.4.1.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
5.4.1.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction
5.4.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction
5.5 MOF Derived Metal Chalcogenides
5.5.1 MOF-Derived Metal Sulfides
5.5.2 MOF-Derived Metal Selenides
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Merits of Selecting Metal-Organic Frameworks as Sensors
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks
6.1.2 Engineering Nanomaterials for Sensing Application
6.2 Attributes of MOFs for Sensing Application
6.2.1 Synthetic Tunability
6.2.2 High Surface Area
6.2.3 Ultra-High Porosity
6.2.4 Stable and Tunable Luminescence
6.2.5 Charge Transport Properties
6.2.6 Biocompatibility
6.2.7 Mechanical Stability
6.2.8 Magnetic Functionality
6.3 Sensing Mechanisms in MOF-Based Sensors
6.3.1 Optical Sensing
6.3.2 Electrochemical Sensing
6.3.3 Magnetic Sensing
6.3.4 Chemiresistive Sensing
6.3.5 Ferroelectric Sensing
6.3.6 Electronic Sensing
6.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
7 MOFs as Sensors Methods and Merits
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Influential Parameters of MOFs for Sensing
7.2.1 Secondary Building Units
7.2.2 Open Metal Sites
7.2.3 Porosity
7.3 Stability of MOF-Based Sensors
7.3.1 Chemical Stability
7.3.2 Thermal Stability
7.3.3 Mechanical Stability
7.4 Functionalization of MOFs for Enhanced Sensing
7.4.1 Defect Engineering
7.5 Applications of MOFs in Sensing
7.5.1 Chemiresistive Sensing
7.5.2 Luminescence Sensing
7.5.3 Electrochemical Sensing
7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
8 Strategies to Improve Sensitivity and Selectivity of MOF-Based Sensors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Design Considerations for MOF-Based Advanced Electrochemical Sensing Applications
8.3 Strategy to Improve Selectivity
8.3.1 Core-Shell Structures
8.3.2 Defect Design
8.3.3 Recognition Element Incorporation
8.3.3.1 Surface Adsorption
8.3.3.2 Covalent Attachment
8.3.3.3 Pore Infiltration
8.3.3.4 In-Situ Encapsulation
8.4 Strategy to Improve Sensitivity
8.4.1 Nano-MOFs
8.4.2 Hierarchical Porous MOFs
8.4.3 2D MOFs
8.4.4 Hybrid MOFs
8.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
9 MOF Composites as Catalysts for Electrochemical Sensors
9.1 Introduction
9.2 MOF Composites for Electroanalytical Applications
9.3 Elaboration of Electrochemical Sensors Based On MOF Composites: An Overview
9.4 Redox Reaction Induced By Metal Nodes in MOF Composites: the Key Role of the Metal Center
9.5 Electrochemical Sensors Based On Pristine MOFs and MOF Composites
9.5.1 Biomedical Applications: Electrochemical Sensing of Molecules With Biological Importance
9.5.1.1 Detection of Glucose
9.5.1.2 Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide
9.5.1.3 Detection of Other Biomolecules
9.5.2 Environmental Applications: Electrochemical Sensing of Molecules With Biological Importance
9.5.2.1 Detection of Heavy Metals
9.5.2.2 Detection of Aromatic Compounds
9.6 Conclusions
References
10 Recent Advancement and Challenges in MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Structural Challenges and Future Perspective
10.3 Challenges in Basic Properties and Mechanism of MOFs for Sensing
10.4 Requirements for an Ideal Smart Sensor
10.5 Challenges and Perspective of Electrochemical Sensors for Organic Molecules
10.6 Challenges of MOF-Based Volatile Organic Compound and Gas Sensors
10.7 Challenges of Electrochemical Sensors as Smart Sensors
10.8 Conclusion
References
11 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Toxic Anions
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Toxicity of Anions
11.2.1 Arsenates
11.2.2 Fluorides
11.2.3 Chlorides
11.2.4 Sulfates
11.2.5 Phosphates and Nitrates
11.2.6 Cyanide
11.2.7 Carbonates and Bicarbonates
11.3 Metal-Organic Framework-Based Sensing Devices
11.4 Classification of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Sensing Devices
11.4.1 MOF-Based Optical Sensors
11.4.1.1 MOF-Based Luminescence Sensors
11.4.1.2 MOF-Based Fluorescent Sensors
11.4.2 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors
11.5 Sensing of Various Toxic Anions By MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Alkali Metal Cations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Cation Sensing Mechanism of MOFs
12.3 MOF-Based Alkali Cations Capturing: Electrochemical Sensing Potential
12.3.1 MOFs in Cesium Capturing
12.3.2 MOFs in Rubidium Capturing
12.3.3 MOFs in Potassium Capturing
12.3.4 MOFs in Lithium Capturing
12.4 MOF Designing Strategy
12.5 Recent Progress and Future Challenges
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Nitrogen Oxide/Carbon Dioxide
13.1 Introduction
13.2 MOFs for Sensing Applications
13.2.1 MOFs as Electrochemical Sensors
13.3 Sensing NOx Molecules
13.3.1 Usage of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing of the NOx Class of Compounds
13.3.2 Hypothetical Sensors That Are Under Review for Application in NOx Sensors
13.4 Sensing CO2
13.4.1 Sensing of CO2 By MOFs
13.4.2 Electrochemical Sensing of CO2 By MOFs
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Ammonia
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Pristine MOFs as an Electrochemical Sensors for Ammonia
14.3 MOF Derivatives and Composites as Ammonia Sensors
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Hydrogen Peroxide
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Electrochemical Sensors for H2O2 Detection Based On MOFs
15.2.1 Enzymatic H2O2 Sensing
15.2.2 Non-Enzymatic H2O2 Sensing
15.2.2.1 Carbon Hybrid Nanomaterials for Non-Enzymatic H2O2 Sensing
15.2.2.2 Nanoparticles-Based MOF Sensors for the Detection of H2O2
15.2.2.3 Polymer-Based MOF Sensors
15.2.2.4 Noble Metals and Their Alloy-Based MOF Sensors
15.3 Comparison Between Different Sensors, Based On Electrochemical Activity
15.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
16 MOF-Based Capacitive and Resistive Sensors for Hydrogen Sulfide
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sensing Techniques for H2S Detection
16.3 H2S Sensing Mechanism in MOF-Based Capacitive and Resistive Sensors
16.4 MOF-Based Capacitive Sensors for H2S
16.5 MOF-Based Resistive Sensors for H2S
16.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
17 MOF-Based Sensors for Detecting Hydrogen Sulfide
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Determination of H2S Gas Using MOF-Based Nanomaterials
17.3 MOF Nanomaterials Based On Metals and Metal Oxides for Electrochemical H2S Sensors
17.3.1 Fe and Fe2O3-Based MOFs as H2S Sensors
17.3.2 Cu-Based MOF for H2S Sensor
17.3.3 Zn-Based MOFs for a H2S Sensor
17.3.4 Zr-Based MOF for a H2S Sensor
17.3.5 Al-Based MOF for a H2S Sensor
17.3.6 Other MOFs as H2S Sensors
17.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
18 MOF-Based Sensors for Volatile Organic Compounds
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Types of Sensors Used for the Detection of VOCs
18.2.1 Chemiresitance Sensor
18.2.2 Electrochemical Sensor
18.2.3 Impedimetric Sensors
18.2.4 Capacitive Sensors
18.2.5 Luminosity-Based Optical Sensors
18.2.6 Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Sensors
18.2.6.1 The Sensing of VOCs
18.2.6.2 Alcohols
18.3 Conclusion
References
19 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Organic Dye Adsorptions Strategic Design and Interaction Aspects
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Strategic Design of MOFs for Organic Dye Adsorptions
19.3 Use of MOFs for Organic Dye Adsorptions
19.3.1 Dye Adsorption Using Optimized MOFs
19.3.2 Dye Adsorption Using Functionalized MOFs
19.3.3 Dye Adsorption Using Composite MOFs
19.3.4 Dye Adsorption Using Derived MOFs
19.3.5 Dye Adsorption Using Defective MOFs
19.4 Interaction Aspects of MOFs With Dyes
19.4.1 Electrostatic Interactions
19.4.2 Acid-Base Interactions
19.4.3 Hydrogen Bonding Interactions
19.4.4 .–p Interactions
19.5 Conclusions
References
20 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticides
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Application of MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticides
20.2.1 MOF-Based Voltammetric Sensor
20.2.1.1 UiO-Based Voltammetric Sensor
20.2.1.2 MIL-Based Voltammetric Sensor
20.2.1.3 ZIF-Based Voltammetric Sensor
20.2.1.4 Voltammetric Sensor Based On Other MOFs
20.2.2 MOF-Based Impedimetric Sensors
20.2.3 MOF-Based Conductometric Sensors
20.2.4 MOF-Based Electrochemiluminescence Sensors
20.2.5 MOF-Based Photoelectrochemical Sensors
20.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
21 An Overview of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Detection of Pesticides
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Pesticides
21.2.1 Classifications of Pesticides
21.2.2 The Role of Pesticides in Crop Production
21.2.3 Pesticide Behavior in the Environment and Its Toxicity
21.3 Methods for the Detection of Pesticides
21.3.1 Conventional Methods to Detect Pesticides
21.3.2 Sensors
21.3.3 The Role of Immobilization in Developing Sensors
21.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks
21.4.1 Characteristics of MOFs
21.4.2 Luminescent Metal-Organic-Frameworks
21.5 MOF-Based Detection Systems for Pesticides
21.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
22 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks
22.3 Structure of Metal-Organic Frameworks
22.3.1 Zero Dimension MOFs
22.3.2 1D MOFs
22.3.3 2D MOFs
22.3.4 3D Porous MOFs
22.3.5 MOF-Derived Nanomaterials
22.3.6 Metal Oxide NPs-Based MOFs
22.3.7 Carbon Composite-Based MOFs
22.3.8 Enzyme-Based Glucose Sensors
22.3.9 Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing
22.3.10 MOF-Based Voltammetric Sensing of Glucose
22.3.11 Amperometric Glucose Sensing
22.3.12 MOF-Based Ratiometric Sensors
22.4 Conclusion
References
23 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Protein Detection
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Structural Properties of MOFs for Protein Recognition
23.2.1 Porosity and Pore Modulation
23.2.2 The Role of Metal Ions and Multivariate MOFs
23.2.3 Hierarchical Structure and MOF-Based Recognition Platform
23.3 Signal Transducer and Amplification Mechanisms of MOFs
23.3.1 Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Sensors
23.3.2 Photoelectrochemical Sensors
23.3.3 Impedimetric Sensors
23.4 Detection of Different Proteins Based On MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors
23.4.1 Antigens
23.4.2 Enzymes
23.5 Conclusion
References
24 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biological Macromolecule Sensing
24.1 Introduction
24.2 The Roles of MOFs in the Construction of Biosensors
24.2.1 MOFs as the Supporting Platform for Loading Biomolecules
24.2.2 MOFs as the Signal Probe for Markers
24.2.3 MOFs Used as the Sensing Elements of Biosensors
24.3 The Function of MOFs in Biosensors
24.3.1 Catalytic Activity of MOFs
24.3.2 The Optical Property of MOFs
24.3.3 The Specific Recognition Performance of MOFs
24.4 Application of MOF-Based Sensors in the Detection of Biological Macromolecules
24.4.1 Detection of Antigens
24.4.2 Detection of Antibodies
24.4.3 Detection of Polypeptides
24.4.4 Detection of Other Biological Macromolecules
24.5 Conclusion and Prospects
References
25 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for DNA/RNA/ATP
25.1 Introduction
25.2 DNA/RNA/ATP
25.2.1 DNA
25.2.2 RNA
25.2.3 ATP
25.3 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors
25.3.1 MOF-Based Carbon Nanomaterial Sensors
25.3.1.1 MOF/Carbon Nanotube Sensors
25.3.1.2 MOF/Graphene Sensors
25.3.2 MOF-Based Polymer Sensors
25.3.3 MOF-Based Metal/Metal Oxide Sensors
25.3.3.1 MOF-Based Gold Nanoparticle Sensors
25.3.3.2 MOF-Based Silver Nanoparticle Sensors
25.3.3.3 MOF-Based Copper/Copper Oxide Nanostructure Sensors
25.3.3.4 MOF-Based Platinum Nanoparticle Sensors
25.3.3.5 MOF-Based Palladium Nanoparticle Sensors
25.3.3.6 Other MOF Or Metal/Metal Oxide/MOF Nanostructures in Sensing Platforms
25.3.4 MOF-Based Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Sensors
25.4 Comparison Between Various Sensing Materials
25.5 Conclusion
References
26 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Neurochemicals
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Different Sensing Materials Used in Neurochemical Quantification
26.2.1 MOF-Based Carbon Paste Electrodes (CPE)
26.2.2 Metal-Metal Oxide MOF Composites
26.2.3 Carbon Modified MOFs
26.2.4 Hybrid MOF Composites
26.2.5 Polymer Blended MOFs
26.2.6 Other MOF-Based Approaches
26.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Abbreviations
References
27 Recent Developments in MOF-Based Sensors for Pharmaceutical Compounds
27.1 Why Metal-Organic Frameworks?
27.1.1 Selection of Metal Cluster and Ligand
27.1.2 Morphology and Porosity
27.1.3 Electronic Conduction
27.2 Fabrication of MOFs and Related Composites
27.3 Electroanalysis of Pharmaceuticals By MOF-Based Composites
27.3.1 MOF/Carbon-Based Nanomaterial Composites
27.3.2 MOF/Metal Nanoparticle Composites
27.3.3 MOF/Conducting Polymer Composites
27.3.4 Molecularly Imprinted MOF-Based Composites
27.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
28 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pharmaceutical Compounds
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Different Types of Structures of MOF for Electrochemical Detection
28.2.1 2-D MOFs
28.2.2 3-D MOFs
28.2.3 MOF Thin Films
28.2.4 Composite MOF
28.3 Electrochemical Detection of Raw Materials Used for Pharmaceutical Processes
28.4 Analytical Techniques Involved in the Quality Control and Detection of Raw Materials
28.5 Electro-Active Pharmaceutical Drugs
28.6 Electro-Inactive Pharmaceutical Drugs
28.7 Waste From Pharmaceutical Processes
28.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
29 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Current Research of EDC Detection and MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors
29.3 Recent Studies On MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for EDC Detection
29.3.1 Pesticide
29.3.2 Bisphenol A
29.3.3 Phenolic Compounds
29.3.4 Estrone
29.3.5 Phthalate
29.3.6 Perfluorooctane Sulfonate
29.4 Conclusion
References
30 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Viruses/Bacteria
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Electrochemical Sensing Assays to Determine Different Pathogenic Bacteria Species
30.3 Electrochemical Sensing Assays for Determining Different Pathogenic Virus Species
30.4 Summary, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
References
31 MOF-Derived Smart Sensors, Challenges and Future Perspectives
31.1 Introduction
31.2 MOFs as Smart Sensors
31.3 Categories of MOF-Based Sensors
31.3.1 Luminiscient MOF-Based Sensor
31.3.1.1 Ion Sensing
31.3.1.2 Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Sensing
31.3.1.3 Explosive Sensing
31.3.1.4 Antibiotic Sensing
31.3.2 Electrochemical Sensors
31.3.3 Chemiresistive MOF Sensors
31.3.4 Electromechanical Sensors
31.3.5 Miscellaneous Sensors
31.4 Challenges and Opportunities
31.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Index