This book discusses various passive and active techniques for controlling unsteady flow dynamics and associated coupled mechanics of fluid-structure interaction. Coupled multiphysics and multidomain simulations are emerging and challenging research areas, which have received significant attention during the past decade. One of the most common multiphysics and multidomain problems is fluid-structure interaction (FSI), i.e., the study of coupled physical systems involving fluid and a structure that have a mechanical influence on each other. Regardless of the application area, the investigation toward modeling of fluid-structure interaction and the underlying mechanisms in dealing with coupled fluid-structure instability with real-world applications remains a challenge to scientists and engineers. This book is designed for students and researchers who seek knowledge of computational modeling and control strategies for fluid-structure interaction. Specifically, this book provides a comprehensive review of the underlying unsteady physics and coupled mechanical aspects of the fluid-structure interaction of freely vibrating bluff bodies, the self-induced flapping of thin flexible structures, and aeroelasticity of shell structures. Understanding flow-induced loads and vibrations can lead to safer and cost-effective structures, especially for light and high-aspect ratio structures with increased flexibility and harsh environmental conditions. Using the body-fitted and moving mesh formulations, the physical insights associated with structure-to-fluid mass ratios, Reynolds number, nonlinear structural deformation, proximity interference, near-wall contacts, free-surface, and other interacting physical fields are covered in this book. In conjunction with the control techniques, data-driven model reduction approaches based on subspace projection and deep neural calculus are covered for low-dimensional modeling of unsteady fluid-structure interaction.
Author(s): Rajeev Jaiman, Guojun Li, Amir Chizfahm
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 1027
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I Flow-Induced Vibration of Bluff Bodies
1 Introduction: Modeling of Flow-Induced Vibration
1.1 Background and Historial Perspective
1.2 Motivating Applications and Challenges
1.3 Physical Modeling of Flow-Induced Vibration
1.4 Concept of Synchronization
1.4.1 Vortex-Induced Vibration
1.4.2 Galloping and Flutter
1.4.3 Nondimensional Parameters
1.5 Data-driven Modeling of FSI
1.6 Book Organization: Volume 1
2 VIV and Galloping of Prismatic Body
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Numerical Formulation
2.3 Free Vibrations of Single Square Prism
2.3.1 Effect of Mass Ratio
2.3.2 Effect of Reynolds Number
2.3.3 Effect of Damping Ratio
2.3.4 Physical Investigation of Representative Cases
2.3.5 Pure Rotational Motion
2.3.6 Combined Translational and Rotational Motion
2.3.7 Interim Summary
2.4 Three-Dimensional FSI of a Square Column at High Reynolds Number
2.4.1 Problem Definition, Convergence and Validation
2.4.2 Energy Spectra in the Near Wake
2.4.3 Response Amplitudes
2.4.4 Vorticity Dynamics
2.4.5 Reynolds Stress
2.4.6 Self-Sustained Process
2.4.7 Summary
3 Proximity and Wake Interference
3.1 Introduction
3.2 FSI of Side-by-Side Square Prisms at Low Reynolds Number
3.2.1 Numerical Methodology
3.2.2 Problem Description and Key Parameters
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Two-Dimensional Simulations
3.3.2 Three-Dimensional Effects at Lock-in
3.3.3 Interim Summary
3.4 FSI of Side-by-Side Circular Cylinders
3.4.1 Coupled Fluid-Structure System
3.4.2 Problem Setup and Verification
3.5 Gap Flow Interference in Three-Dimensional Flow
3.5.1 Three-Dimensional Gap-Flow Interference
3.5.2 Coupling of VIV and 3D Gap-Flow Kinematics
3.5.3 Interim Summary
3.6 Freely Vibrating Tandem Square Prism
3.6.1 Response Characteristics
3.6.2 Vortex Organization
3.7 Wake Interference of Tandem Circular Cylinder
3.7.1 Problem Description
3.7.2 Response Characteristics
3.7.3 Decomposition of Transverse Force
3.7.4 Pressure Distribution and Wake Contours
3.7.5 Upstream Vortex and Downstream Boundary Layer
3.7.6 Effect of Streamwise Gap
3.7.7 Interim Summary
3.8 Three-Dimensional Wake Interference of Tandem Cylinders
3.9 Results and Discussion
3.9.1 VIV Dominated Response
3.9.2 WIV Dominated Response
3.9.3 Summary
3.10 Appendix A: Side-by-Side Stationary Square Cylinders
3.11 Appendix B: Tandem Cylinders Verification and Convergence Study
3.11.1 Verification
3.11.2 Convergence Studies for the Validation Cases
3.11.3 Convergence Studies at Re = 100
3.12 Appendix C: Three-dimensional Tandem Cylinders Mesh Convergence and Validation
4 Near Wall Effects
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Dynamics of a Circular Cylinder with Wall Proximity
4.1.2 Organization
4.2 Cylinder VIV in the Vicinity of a Stationary Wall
4.2.1 Numerical Formulation
4.2.2 Problem Definition and Convergence Study
4.2.3 Two-Dimensional Results and Discussion
4.2.4 Three-Dimensional Results and Discussion
4.2.5 Interim Summary
4.3 Effects of Wall Boundary Layer Thickness
4.3.1 Problem Description and Convergence
4.3.2 Two-Dimensional Results and Discussion
4.3.3 Three-Dimensional Results and Discussion
4.3.4 Summary
5 FIV Suppression Devices
5.1 Introduction
5.2 VIV Suppression by Spanwise Grooves
5.2.1 Problem Setup and Methodology
5.2.2 Extruded Grooves
5.2.3 Staggered and Helical Grooves
5.2.4 Assessment on the Performance of Staggered Groove
5.2.5 Interim Summary
5.3 Appendage Devices for VIV Wake Stabilization
5.3.1 Fairing, Connected-C and Splitter Plate Configurations
5.3.2 Assessment at Low Reynolds Number
5.3.3 Assessment at Subcritical Reynolds Number
5.3.4 Interim Summary
5.4 Near-Wake Jets for FIV Suppression
5.4.1 Multi-column Offshore Platform by Near-Wake Jets
5.4.2 Validation and Response Characteristics
5.4.3 Various Configurations of Near-Wake Jets
5.4.4 Summary
6 VIV of Sphere
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Flow-Induced Vibrations of Bluff Bodies
6.1.2 Free Surface and Vorticity Dynamics
6.1.3 Flow-Induced Vibration of Sphere in a Close Proxmity to a Free Surface
6.1.4 Organization
6.2 Numerical Methodology
6.2.1 Two-Phase Flow Modeling with Moving Boundary
6.2.2 Structural Modeling
6.2.3 Fluid-Structure Interface
6.3 Implementation Details
6.4 Convergence Study and Validation
6.4.1 VIV of Fully Submerged Freely Vibrating Elastically Mounted Sphere
6.4.2 VIV of Submerged Elastically Mounted Sphere Close to the Free Surface
6.5 Results and Discussion
6.5.1 VIV of Elastically Mounted Sphere Piercing the Free Surface
6.5.2 Vorticity Dynamics with Free-Surface Deformation
6.5.3 Effect of Mass Ratio
6.5.4 Effect of Froude Number
6.6 Summary
6.7 Appendix
6.8 The Effect of Reynolds Number on the Mode Transition for the Freely Vibrating Elastically Mounted Sphere
7 Flexible Cylinder VIV
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 VIV of Flexible Cylinder
7.1.2 Organization
7.2 VIV of Long Flexible Riser
7.2.1 Numerical Framework
7.2.2 Problem Setup and Validation
7.2.3 Response Characteristics at Uniform Flow
7.2.4 Response Characteristics at Linearly Sheared Flow
7.2.5 Interim Summary
7.3 Flexible Cylinder with Spanwise Grooves
7.3.1 Problem Setup
7.3.2 Suppression via Spanwise Grooves
7.3.3 Analysis on Spanwise Correlation
7.3.4 Summary
Part II Model Reduction and Control
8 Data-Driven Reduced Order Models
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Synchronization of Coupled Fluid-Structure System
8.1.2 Low-Dimensional Models for Wake Features
8.1.3 Objectives and Organization
8.2 Numerical Methodology
8.2.1 Full-Order Model for Fluid-Body Interaction
8.2.2 Low-Order Models
8.2.3 Problem Setup
8.3 Assessment of Low-Order Model for Wake Decomposition
8.3.1 Linear POD Reconstruction
8.3.2 Nonlinear POD-DEIM Reconstruction
8.3.3 Drag and Lift Modes
8.3.4 Wake Feature Interaction and Sustenance of VIV Lock-in
8.3.5 Synchronized Wake-Body Interaction at Below Critical Reynolds Number
8.3.6 Effect of Turbulence
8.3.7 Force Decomposition Based on Modal Contribution
8.3.8 Performance Comparison of POD Reconstruction Methods
8.4 Summary
9 System Identification and Stability Analysis
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 VIV Mechanism and System Identification
9.1.2 Model Order Reduction
9.1.3 Objectives
9.1.4 Organization
9.2 Numerical Methodology
9.2.1 Full Order Model Formulation
9.2.2 Eigensystem Realization Algorithm
9.2.3 ERA-Based Coupled Formulation of a Cylinder VIV
9.2.4 Problem Definition
9.3 Linear Stability Analysis for VIV of a Cylinder
9.3.1 Unstable Flow Past a Stationary Cylinder
9.3.2 Assessment of ERA-Based ROM
9.3.3 Effect of Mass Ratio
9.3.4 Effect of Reynolds Number
9.3.5 Effect of Rounding
9.3.6 Effect of Geometry
9.3.7 Interim Summary
9.4 Stability Analysis of Tandem Cylinders
9.4.1 Problem Definition
9.4.2 Assessment of ERA-Based ROM for Wake-Induced Vibrations
9.4.3 WIV of Tandem Circular Cylinders
9.4.4 Effect of Longitudinal Spacing
9.4.5 Effect of Sharp Corners
9.4.6 Interim Summary
9.5 Deep Learning for Predicting Frequency Lock-in
9.5.1 Reduced-Order State-Space Model
9.5.2 Nonlinear DL-Based Model Reduction
9.5.3 Stability Analysis via DL-Based ROM Integrated with ERA
9.5.4 Problem Setup and Hyperparameter Analysis
9.5.5 RNN-LSTM Training Procedure
9.5.6 Verification of DL-Based ROM Integrated with ERA
9.6 Assessment of DL-Based ROM for VIV of Sphere
9.6.1 The Role of Structural Mode Instability
9.6.2 Stability Analysis of Sphere VIV at the Onset of Instability
9.6.3 Stability Analysis of Sphere VIV at Moderate Reynolds Number
9.6.4 Summary
10 Data-Driven Passive and Active Control
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Control of Vortex-Induced Vibration
10.1.2 Types of Reduced Order Models
10.1.3 Objectives
10.1.4 Organization
10.2 Numerical Methodology
10.2.1 Full-Order Model Formulation
10.2.2 Model Reduction via Eigensystem Realization Algorithm
10.2.3 ROM for FSI Problem
10.3 Passive Control of VIV via Appendages
10.3.1 Cylinder-Fairing System
10.3.2 Performance of ERA-Based ROM for Passive Suppression
10.3.3 Modal Decomposition of Wake Features
10.3.4 Effect of Other Appendages: Splitter Plate and Connected-C
10.3.5 Effect of Characteristic Dimensions
10.3.6 Interim Summary
10.4 Active Control of FIV via Near-Wake Jet Flow
10.4.1 Sphere Via Jet-Based Actuation
10.4.2 Assessment of the ERA-Based ROM for VIV of a Sphere
10.4.3 Effect of Near-Wake Jet Flow
10.4.4 Interim Summary
10.5 Feedback Control of VIV via Jet Blowing and Suction
10.5.1 Cylinder Blowing/Suction Porous Surface Configuration
10.5.2 Feedback Control Via Reduced-Order Model
10.5.3 Active Feedback Control of Cylinder Unsteady Wake Flow
10.5.4 Sensitivity Study for Unsteady Wake Flow Control
10.5.5 Feedback Control of Vortex-Induced Vibration
10.5.6 Summary
Part III Flow-Induced Vibration of Thin Structures
11 Introduction
11.1 Background and Literature Review
11.2 Specific Applications and Challenges
11.3 Flow-Induced Vibration of Flexible Thin Structures
11.3.1 Flow-Excited Instability and Synchronization
11.3.2 Nondimensional Parameters
11.4 Organization: Volume 2
12 Theoretical Background of Flexible Plate
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Theoretical Studies of Flapping Foils
12.1.2 Organization
12.2 Linear Stability Analysis
12.2.1 Problem Statement
12.2.2 Determination of Fluid Loading
12.2.3 Added Mass Force
12.2.4 Stability Analysis
12.3 Summary
13 Isolated Conventional Flapping Foils
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Experimental Studies on Flapping Foils
13.1.2 Numerical Simulations of Flapping Foils
13.1.3 Organization
13.2 Numerical Methodology
13.2.1 Fluid-Structure Equations
13.2.2 Variational Quasi-Monolithic Formulation
13.3 Two-Dimensional Flapping Dynamics
13.3.1 Problem Statement
13.3.2 Flapping Dynamics and Response Study
13.3.3 Effect of Nodimensional Bending Rigidity
13.3.4 Effect of Mass Ratio
13.3.5 Effect of Reynolds Number
13.3.6 Net Energy Transfer
13.3.7 Traveling Wave Mechanism
13.3.8 Interim Summary
13.4 Three-Dimensional Flapping Dynamics
13.4.1 Problem Statement
13.4.2 Role of Aspect Ratio on the Onset of Flapping
13.4.3 Flapping Dynamics of Foil with Spanwise Periodicity
13.4.4 Effect of Mass Ratio
13.4.5 Effect of Aspect Ratio
13.4.6 Traveling Wave
13.4.7 Summary
14 Proximity Effect
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Proximity Effects in Flapping Foils
14.1.2 Organization
14.2 Numerical Methodology
14.2.1 Governing Equations for Fluid-Foil System
14.2.2 Multibody Combined Field Formulation
14.3 Side-by-Side Foil Arrangements
14.3.1 Problem Statement
14.3.2 Effect of Gap on Coupled Dynamics
14.3.3 Interaction Dynamics of Gap Flow with Flapping
14.4 Summary
15 Trailing Edge Effect
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Effect of the Trailing Edge Shape and Flexibility
15.1.2 Drag-Thrust Transition
15.1.3 Organization
15.2 Numerical Methodology
15.3 Flapping Foils With Varying Trailing Edge
15.3.1 Problem Statement
15.3.2 Flapping Dynamics
15.3.3 Flow Field and Wake Structures
15.3.4 Unsteady Momentum Transfer and Thrust Generation
15.3.5 Drag-Thrust Transition
15.3.6 Added Mass Effect on Thrust Generation
15.4 Summary
16 Isolated Inverted Flapping Foils
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Inverted Flapping Foils
16.1.2 Organization
16.2 Numerical Methodology
16.2.1 Fluid-Structure Equations
16.2.2 Variational Quasi-Monolithic Formulation
16.3 Two-Dimensional Flapping Dynamics
16.3.1 Problem Statement
16.3.2 Development of Flapping Instability
16.3.3 Effect of Bending Rigidity
16.3.4 Effect of Mass Ratio
16.3.5 Transition to Deformed Flapping Regime
16.3.6 Formation of Leading Edge Vortex
16.3.7 Vortex Organizations
16.3.8 Net Energy Transfer
16.3.9 Interim Summary
16.4 Three-Dimensional Flapping Dynamics
16.4.1 Problem Set-Up
16.4.2 Validation
16.4.3 Flow Field
16.4.4 Effect of Splitter Plate Behind Inverted Flapping
16.4.5 The Role of Vortex Shedding on Inverted Foil Flapping at Low Reynolds number
16.4.6 Discussion
16.4.7 Summary
17 Thin Structure Aeroelasticity
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Review of Studies on Morphing Membrane Wings
17.1.2 Organization
17.2 Partitioned Coupled Fluid-Structure Formulation
17.3 Two-Dimensional Thin Structure Aeroelasticity
17.3.1 Problem Setup and Mesh Convergence Study
17.3.2 Membrane Dynamics as a Function of Angle of Attack
17.3.3 Effect of Flexibility
17.3.4 Effect of Reynolds Number
17.3.5 Interim Summary
17.4 Three-Dimensional Thin Structure Aeroelasticity
17.4.1 Problem Setup and Validation
17.4.2 Membrane Aeroelasticity
17.4.3 Summary
18 Aeroelastic Mode Decomposition
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Mode Decomposition and Mode Selection in Fluid-Structure Interaction
18.1.2 Organization
18.2 Global Fourier Mode Decomposition
18.2.1 Data Collection for Aeroelastic Mode Decomposition
18.2.2 Global Fourier Mode Decomposition Algorithm
18.3 Mode Selection of Three-Dimensional Flexible Thin Structure
18.3.1 Aeroelastic Mode Decomposition
18.3.2 Effect of Flexibility
18.3.3 Aeroelastic Mode Selection Strategy in Separated Flow
18.4 Summary
19 Flow-Excited Instability in Thin Structure Aeroelasticity
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Flow-Excited Instability in Morphing Membrane Wings
19.1.2 Organization
19.2 Flow-Excited Instability
19.2.1 Stability Phase Diagram
19.2.2 Effect of Mass Ratio
19.2.3 Effect of Reynolds Number
19.2.4 Effect of Aeroelastic Number
19.2.5 Onset of Flow-Induced Membrane Vibration
19.2.6 Mode Transition in Flow-Induced Vibration
19.3 Summary
Appendix References
