This book describes the theoretical principals including potential modes of failures and equipment performance limitations and provides practical advice for making quality assurance (QA) measurements for clinical X-ray tubes and generators. The guidance given for making QA measurements seeks to be practical, using equipment commonly found in medical physics departments, and where possible alternative techniques are discussed along with their relevant limitations. Topics covered include general introduction, requirements for measuring instruments, evaluation of safety features, measurements of beam quality, tube output and consistency, focal spot size, specification for performances, and related ancillaries.
Author(s): Daniel Shaw
Series: IPEM–IOP Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology
Edition: 3
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 91
City: Bristol
PRELIMS.pdf
Preface to the first edition (1980)
Preface to second edition (1995)
Preface to the third edition (2022)
Reference
Acknowledgements
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
1.2 Evidence based QA paper discussion
1.3 Framework for testing
1.3.1 Equipment available for radiographer QA and engineer measurements
1.3.2 Age and reliability
1.3.3 In-built diagnostic and error reporting
1.3.4 Planned preventative maintenance service programme
1.3.5 Frequency of specialist QA tests
1.3.6 Summary
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 X-ray tubes and generators
2.1 Generator
2.1.1 Generator power source
2.1.2 Transformer
2.2 X-ray tubes
2.2.1 Cathode/filament control
2.2.2 Anode
2.2.3 Filters
2.2.4 X-ray tube failure modes
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Requirements for measuring equipment
3.1 Requirements
3.2 Summary
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Equipment inventory and service records
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Safety features
5.1 Electrical and mechanical safety
5.1.1 Electrical safety
5.1.2 Covers and cables
5.1.3 Inspection
5.2 Marking of controls
5.2.1 Inspection
5.3 Prevention against unauthorised/accidental use
5.3.1 Inspection
5.4 Emergency controls
5.4.1 Inspection
5.5 Exposure control
5.5.1 Inspection
5.6 Warning indicators
5.6.1 Inspection
5.7 Indicators and spacers
5.7.1 Inspection
5.8 Interlocks
5.8.1 Inspection
5.9 Observation arrangements
5.9.1 Inspection
5.10 Summary
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Collimation alignment and scales
6.1 Light beam diaphragm
6.1.1 Inspection
6.2 X-ray beam centering
6.2.1 Inspection
6.3 X-ray tube-to-detector alignment
6.3.1 Inspection
6.4 Distance and scales
6.4.1 Inspection
6.5 Collimator attenuation
6.5.1 Inspection
6.6 Summary
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Tube output and consistency
7.1 Repeatability and reproducibility with exposure time and tube (filament) current
7.2 Inspection
7.2.1 Falling load operation
7.2.2 Capacitor discharge units
7.2.3 Mains compensation
7.3 Summary
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Exposure time
8.1 Inspection
8.2 Summary
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Beam quality
9.1 Peak photon energy
9.2 Inspection
9.3 Summary
9.4 Half value layer and filtration
9.5 Inspection
9.6 Summary
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Focal spot
10.1 Inspection
10.1.1 Pinhole
10.1.2 Resolution technique
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Dose area product assessment
11.1 Inspection
11.1.1 Measurement of point dose and area
11.1.2 Calibration against reference DAP meter
11.2 Summary
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Focal plane tomography
12.1 Inspection
12.2 Summary
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 Anti-scatter grids
13.1 Inspection
