Materials Innovations and Solutions in Science and Technology: With a Focus on Tropical Plant Biomaterials

Preface
Contents
1 Carbon Fibre Precursor from Oil Palm Biomass Lignin
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Oil Palm Biomass
1.3 Lignin
1.4 Conventional Lignin Refining Process
1.5 Carbon Fibre
1.6 Lignin as Carbon Fibre Precursor
1.7 Deep Eutectic Solvent
1.8 Lignin Isolation from Biomass Using DES
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Potential Use of Nanotechnology to Reduce Postharvest Spoilage of Fruits and Vegetables
2.1 Food Spoilage
2.1.1 Fruits
2.1.2 Vegetables
2.2 Food Spoilage Caused by Microorganisms
2.3 Food Sanitizers
2.4 Nanoparticles
2.4.1 Nanotechnology for Food Application
2.5 Nanoencapsulation
References
3 Integrating a Hydrogen Fuel Cell in a Vehicle as a Hybrid for a Sustainable Energy Application
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Fuel Cell Process Flow
3.2.2 Moving Driver Process Flow
3.2.3 Communication Driver Process Flow
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 The Prototype
3.3.2 System Condition Status
3.3.3 Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Reaction Time
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Bio-Based Adhesive from Extracted Durian Seed Powder
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.2.1 Preparation of Durian Seed Powder
4.2.2 Preparation of Bio-adhesive Without Roasting Raw Materials (Method A)
4.2.3 Preparation of Bio-adhesive by Roasting Raw Materials (Method B)
4.2.4 Preparation of Bio-adhesive by Roasting Raw Materials with HCl (Method C)
4.2.5 Preparation of Bio-adhesive by Roasting Raw Materials with HCl and H2SO4 (Method D)
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Review of the Development of Palm Broom in Producing Food Packaging
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Formulation of Emulsion Containing Chloramphenicol and Cinnamon Essential Oil for Topical Use
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.2.1 Construction of the Calibration Curve
6.2.2 Construction of the Ternary Phase Diagram
6.2.3 Chloramphenicol Solubility Study
6.2.4 Formulation of an Emulsion Containing Chloramphenicol and Cinnamon Essential Oil
6.2.5 Over-Time Stability Study
6.2.6 Freeze–Thaw Cycle Stability Study
6.2.7 Colony Count Study
6.2.8 Rheology Study
6.2.9 In Vitro Release Study
6.2.10 Kinetic Release Study
6.2.11 Statistical Analysis
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Ternary Phase Diagram Analysis
6.3.2 Chloramphenicol Solubility Analysis
6.3.3 Over-Time Stability Analysis
6.3.4 Freeze–Thaw Stability Analysis
6.3.5 Colony Count Analysis
6.3.6 Rheology Analysis
6.3.7 In Vitro Permeation Analysis
6.3.8 Kinetic Release Analysis
6.4 Conclusion
References
7 Water Pollution Detection System for Illegal Toxic Waste Dumps
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodology
7.2.1 Overall Systems Block Diagram
7.2.2 Project Hardware and Software
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.4 Conclusion
References
8 Alternative Processes for the Production of Bioactive Peptides
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conventional Process and Its Drawbacks
8.3 Alternatives Process
8.3.1 High Hydrostatic Pressure
8.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Processing
8.3.3 Ultrasound
8.3.4 Sub- and Supercritical Fluids
8.3.5 Integrative Process
8.4 Conclusion
References
9 Mode II Debonding Characterization of Adhesively Bonded Aluminum Joints
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Cohesive Zone Model
9.2.1 Cohesive Zone Model Formulation
9.3 Materials and Methods
9.3.1 Three-Point Bending End-Notched Fracture Test
9.3.2 Finite Element Simulation
9.4 Results and Discussion
9.4.1 Interfacial Fracture Adhesive Joints Under Mode II Debonding Loading
9.4.2 Loading Rate Effect on Adhesive Joint Strain Energy Release Rate
9.4.3 Extraction of CZM Parameters Through an Experimental-FE Approach
9.4.4 FE Model Verification for CZM
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Design Optimization of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers: Effect of Baffles Design
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Methodology
10.2.1 Design Development
10.2.2 Fluid Flow Analysis
10.2.3 Mathematical Analysis
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 The Performance of Palm Broom as Eco-friendly Paper
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methodology
11.2.1 Mechanical Testing
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polylactic Acid Composites Filled with Iron Particles
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methodology
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polylactic Acid/Carbon Fiber Composites
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.4 Conclusion
References
14 Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities in Kaffir Lime (Citrus hystrix) Essential Oil Extracted by the Hydro-distillation Method
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methodology
14.2.1 Plants Material
14.2.2 Essential Oil Screening for Antioxidant Potential
14.2.3 Antibacterial Screening
14.3 Results and Discussion
14.3.1 Extraction of Essential Oil
14.3.2 DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
14.3.3 Disc Diffusion Antibacterial Activity Assay
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Thermal and Microbiological Properties of Spray Dried Lactobacillus Plantarum-Banana Peel Powder
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methodology
15.2.1 Preparation for Lactobacillus Plantarum ATCC8014 Growth
15.2.2 Preparation of Banana Peel
15.2.3 Preparation of Feed Solution for Spray Dry
15.2.4 Spray Drying Process
15.2.5 Microencapsulation Efficiency
15.2.6 Heat Exposure
15.2.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Microencapsulation Efficiency
15.3.2 Heat Exposure
15.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
15.4 Conclusion
References
16 Design of a Pre-crack Device for Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC) Studies
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Methodology
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.4 Conclusion
References
17 Analysis of Hydrophobic-Silver Nanoparticle Coating to Inhibit Cooling Water Corrosion in Cooling Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Experimental
17.2.1 Substrates
17.2.2 Hydrophobic-Silver Nanoparticle Coating Preparation
17.2.3 Application of Coating
17.2.4 Immersion Test
17.2.5 Tafel Analysis
17.3 Results and Discussion
17.3.1 Cooling Water Corrosion Inhibition by Coating
17.3.2 Effects of pH in Cooling System on the Rate of Cooling Water Corrosion
17.4 Conclusion
References
18 Feature Presentation of Image Saliency Existence Based on Boundary Compactness Hypothesis
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Related Work
18.3 The Proposed Framework
18.3.1 Pre-processing
18.3.2 Distance-Wise Matrix to Vector Presentation
18.3.3 Boundary Compactness Feature
18.3.4 Features in Frequency Domain
18.3.5 Global Saliency Features
18.4 Experimental Results
18.4.1 Graphical Saliency Existence Presentation
18.4.2 Numerical Saliency Existence Presentation
18.5 Conclusion
References
19 Application of Reflectors for Improving the Output Performance of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Modules
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methodology
19.2.1 Experimental Work
19.2.2 Simulation Work
19.3 Results and Discussion
19.4 Conclusion
References
20 Mechanism of Surface Construction of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Sludge Biochar-Based Catalytic for Peroxydisulfate Activation
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Methodology
20.2.1 Sample Preparation
20.2.2 Characterization of Sample
20.2.3 Batch Degradation Experiment
20.3 Results and Discussion
20.3.1 Chemical Functional Group of Biochar by FTIR Analysis
20.3.2 Initial pH Determination on the Degradation of MB by PDS
20.3.3 Effect of N-doped Biochar Dosages on the Degradation of MB by PDS
20.3.4 Effect of PDS Concentration on the Degradation of MB by PDS
20.3.5 Degradation of Methylene Blue Under Optimized Condition
20.4 Conclusion
References
21 Characterization of Oil Palm Frond-Based Biochar-Filled-Recycled PET Bio-composites
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Methodology
21.2.1 Materials
21.2.2 Materials Characterization
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.3.1 Surface Morphology Examination
21.3.2 FTIR Analysis
21.3.3 XRD Analysis
21.3.4 DSC
21.3.5 TGA
21.3.6 DMA
21.4 Conclusion
References
22 The Mandrel-Less Fixture Setup for Orbital Friction Stir Welding of Pipe Joining
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Methodology
22.3 Results and Discussion
22.4 Conclusion
References
23 Joint Analysis of Mandrel-Less Friction Stir Welding on PVC Pipe Butt Joining
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Methodology
23.3 Results and Discussion
23.4 Conclusion
References
24 Innovative Aggregates Replacement in the Production of Cement-Based Mortar: A Review
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Alternative Formulation and Mix Design
24.2.1 Water-Cement Ratio
24.3 Alternatives Aggregates
24.3.1 Fly Ash and Bottom Ash
24.3.2 Glass
24.3.3 Plastics
24.3.4 Construction Wastes
24.4 Carbon Footprint
24.5 Conclusion
References
25 Mechanical Properties of Dome Low Blow Impact on Spot Welded Joints
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Literature Review
25.3 Methodology
25.3.1 RSW Samples Preparation, Treatment, and Testing Equipment
25.3.2 Post-weld Treatment Using Dome Low Blow Impact
25.3.3 Area of Deformation Measurement
25.3.4 Assessment of Tensile Shear
25.3.5 Numerical Modeling
25.4 Results and Discussion
25.4.1 Area of Deformation of Spot-Weld Impact Treatment
25.4.2 Correlation Between Area of Deformation and Stress Development
25.5 Conclusion
References