Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environmental Chemistry

Series Preface
Preface
Contents
An Overview of the State-of-the-Art: Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environment
1 Introduction
2 Developments in Mass Spectrometry and Current Applications in Environmental and Food Analysis
3 Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Environmental and Food Analysis: Current Status and Future Prospects
4 Conclusions
References
Food and Environmental Samples Handling and Preparation for Mass Spectrometry
1 Introduction
2 Sample Handling and Preparation
2.1 Sample Handling and Collection
2.1.1 Sampling Strategies for Environmental and Food Samples
2.2 Sample Preparations
2.2.1 Solid Phase Extraction-Based Methods
Application of Solid Phase-Based Extraction Methods in Food Samples
Application of Solid Phase-Based Extraction Methods in Environment Samples
2.2.2 Liquid Phase-Based Extraction Methods
Application of Liquid Phase-Based Extraction Methods in Food Samples
Application of Liquid Phase-Based Extraction Methods in Environmental Samples
2.3 Separation Techniques
3 Conclusions
References
Elemental Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environmental Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Solid Phase (Micro)Extraction/Liquid Phase (Micro)Extraction-ICP-MS
2.1 Solid Phase (Micro) Extraction
2.1.1 Trace Elemental Quantification
2.1.2 Elemental Speciation Analysis
2.1.3 Nanoparticles Analysis
2.2 Liquid Phase (Micro) Extraction
2.2.1 Trace Elemental Quantification
2.2.2 Elemental Speciation Analysis
2.2.3 Nanoparticles Analysis
3 ICP-MS Hyphenated with Chromatographic Techniques
3.1 Chromium (Cr)
3.2 Mercury (Hg)
3.3 Arsenic (As)
3.4 Selenium (Se)
3.5 Tin (Sn)
3.6 Other Elemental Species
4 Field Flow Fractionation (FFF)-ICP-MS
4.1 Settlement Field Flow Separation (Sd FFF)
4.2 Flow Field Flow Separation (Fl FFF)
4.3 Application of FFF-ICP-MS in Environment and Food Samples
4.3.1 AgNPs
4.3.2 AuNPs
4.3.3 Other NPs
4.3.4 Colloid
5 Laser Ablation-ICP-MS
5.1 Plant Samples Analysis
5.2 Environmental Samples
5.3 Food Samples Analysis
5.4 Other Samples
6 Multiple Collector (MC)-ICP-MS
6.1 Interference Correction for MC-ICP-MS
6.1.1 Isotopic Fractionation/Mass Bias Correction
6.1.2 Matrix Effect
6.2 Application of MC-ICP-MS in Food Science
6.2.1 Geographical Traceability Purposes
6.2.2 Sources of Pollution in the Food
6.2.3 Isotope Composition in Blood of Different Diet Groups
6.3 Application of MC-ICP-MS in Nanoparticle Analysis
6.4 Studies on Isotopes in Human Metabolism
6.5 Application of MC-ICP-MS in Environmental Fields
6.5.1 Dating of Rocks and Minerals
6.5.2 Isotopes as a Tracer in Earth Science
6.5.3 Other Applications
7 Future Perspectives and Conclusions
References
Isotopic Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environmental Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Stable Isotope Establishment Using Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS)
2.1 Elemental Analyzer Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (EA-IRMS)
2.2 Gas Chromatography-Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS)
2.3 Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (LC-IRMS)
3 Applications of IRMS in Food and Environmental Analysis
3.1 Environmental Application
3.2 Food Applications
4 Conclusions
References
Liquid and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Methods in Food and Environmental Safety
1 Introduction
2 Recent Advances in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis
2.1 GC-MS Analyzers
2.2 GC-MS/(MS) Ionization Modes
2.3 Improvements in Gas Chromatography
3 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
3.1 Analyzers
3.2 LC-MS/(MS) Ionization Sources
3.3 Improvements in LC Analysis
4 Regulatory Compliance for Identification with GC-MS/(MS) and LC-MS/(MS)
5 Orthogonal Applications of GC-MS and LC-MS
6 Future Trends
References
Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environmental Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)
2.1 Mass Resolution and Mass Resolving Power
2.2 Exact Mass, Accurate Mass, Mass Accuracy, and Mass Measurement Precision
3 Types of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer
3.1 Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzers
3.2 Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Analyzers
4 Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Screening and Non-target Analysis
4.1 Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
4.2 Non-targeted Analysis with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
4.2.1 Data Acquisition
4.2.2 Data Mining/Processing
4.2.3 Molecular Formula Assignment and Structure Annotation, and Identification Confidence Levels
5 Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Food Analysis
5.1 Food Lipidomics
5.2 Food Contaminants and Natural Toxins
6 Application of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis
6.1 Analysis of Emerging Contaminants in Environmental Exposure
6.2 Screening of Halogenated Compounds
6.3 Identification of Contamination Source
6.4 Transformation and Metabolism of Contaminants in the Environment and Human
7 Future Perspectives
8 Conclusion
References
Omics Approaches in Food and Environmental Analysis
1 Genomics, Toxicogenomics, Transcriptomics, and Nutrigenomics
2 Proteomics
2.1 Environmental Proteomics
2.2 Proteomics in Food Analysis
3 Lipidomics
3.1 Environmental Lipidomics
3.2 Lipidomics in Food
4 Metabolomics
4.1 Environmental Metabolomics
4.1.1 Study Design
4.1.2 Exposure
4.1.3 Sample Collection, Sample Preparation, and Metabolite Extraction
4.1.4 Data Collection and Analytical Techniques
4.1.5 Data Analysis, and Finally a Biological Interpretation of the Analysed Data
4.1.6 Data Analysis, and Finally a Biological Interpretation
4.2 Metabolomics in Food Safety and Quality Control
5 Conclusions
References
Thermal Desorption and Pyrolysis Combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environmental Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Py-GC-MS: Instrumentation and Working Modes
2.1 Working Modes in Py-GC-MS
2.2 Recent Advances in Py-GC-MS Instrumentation
2.2.1 Pyrolyzer
2.2.2 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
3 Applications of Py-GC-MS in Food and Environmental Analysis
3.1 Characterization of Food
3.2 Determination of MPs and NPs
3.3 Characterization of Organic Matter
4 Conclusions
References
Chiral Analysis with Mass Spectrometry Detection in Food and Environmental Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Chiral Analysis in Environmental Chemistry
3 Chiral Analysis in Food Chemistry
3.1 Evaluation of Product Authenticity and Adulteration
3.2 Evaluation of Chiral Pollutants in Food Web
4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Ambient Ionization Techniques in Food and Environmental Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Applications of Ambient Ionization Techniques in Environmental Analysis
2.1 Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and Related Techniques
2.2 Other Ambient Ionization Techniques
3 Applications of Ambient Ionization Techniques in Food Analysis
3.1 Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) and Related Techniques
3.2 Techniques Based on Desorption Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (DAPCI)
3.3 Paperspray (PS) Ionization and Related Techniques
3.4 Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI) and Related Techniques
4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environmental Chemistry
1 Introduction to Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry (IM-MS)
2 Introduction to IM-MS in Food Chemistry
2.1 Nutritional Analysis
2.2 Food Safety
2.3 Food Fingerprinting
2.4 Process Control and Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
3 Introduction to IM-MS in Environmental Analysis
3.1 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)
3.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs); Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene (BTX); and Other Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
3.3 Pesticides
3.4 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
References
Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Food and Environmental Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Ionization Methods
2.1 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
2.2 MALDI
2.3 Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI)
2.4 Other Ambient Ionization Types
2.4.1 Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization (LAESI)
2.4.2 AP-MALDI
2.4.3 Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis (LESA)
2.4.4 Thermal Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TD-ESI-MS/MS)
3 Sample Preparation
3.1 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
3.2 MALDI
3.3 Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI)
4 Specific Applications of MSI in Food and Environmental Science
5 Conclusions and Future Trends in Mass Spectrometry Imaging
References
Chip-Based Separation Devices Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Food and Environmental Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Chip Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
2.1 Chip gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (ChipGC-MS)
2.1.1 Microinjector and Preconcentrator
2.1.2 Micropreconcentrators
2.1.3 Column or Microcolumn
2.1.4 Mass Spectrometry Detectors
2.2 Chip-Based Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (ChipLC-MS)
3 Chip Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry
4 Some Applications of Chip-Based Separation Devices and MS in Food and Environmental Chemistry
5 Conclusions
References