Over the past several years, myriad manuals on crime scene investigations have been published with each focusing on select, or partial, aspects of the investigation. Crime scene investigation, done right, is a multi-faceted process that requires various forms of evidence to be collected, examined, and analyzed. No book available has addressed procedures to present global best practices by assembling a collection of international experts to address such topics.
Manual of Crime Scene Investigation is a comprehensive collaboration of experts writing on their particular areas of expertise as relates to crime scenes, evidence, and crime scene investigation. The book outlines best practices in the field, incorporating the latest technology to collect, preserve, and enhance evidence for appropriate analysis. Various types of forensic evidence are addressed, covering chain of custody, collection, and utility of such evidence in casework, investigations, and for use in court. The approach, and use of international contributor experts, will appeal to a broad audience and be of use to forensic practitioners, and the forensic science community worldwide.
Key features
• Assembles an international team of contributing author experts to present the latest developments in their crime scene field of specialty
• Examines global best practices and what are consistently the most reliable tactics and approach to crime scene evidence collection, preservation, and investigation
• Provides numerous photographs and diagrams to clearly illustrate chapter concepts
Manual of Crime Scene Investigation serves as a vital resource to professionals in police science and crime scene investigations, private forensic institutions, and academics researching how better real-world application of techniques can improve the reliability and utility of evidence upon forensic and laboratory analysis.
Author(s): Anna Barbaro, Amarnath Mishra
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 310
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1. Crime Scene Management
Introduction
The Crime Scene
What Is a Crime Scene?
What Is Crime Scene Management?
Information Management
Manpower Management
Technology Management
Equipment Can Be in Different Categories
Management of Logistics
Order Processing for a Crime Scene
Crime Scene Equipment Handling
Storage of Equipment and Exhibits
Inventory Control
Transportation
Packaging
Who Is a Crime Scene Manager?
Planning and Preparation
Crime scene processing Protocol
Scene Assessment
Crime Scene Initial Walk-Through
Assessment After Walk-Through
Action Plan
Contamination Issues
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Risk Assessment
Examine the Crime Scene
Documenting the Crime Scene
Notes
Scene Photography and Video
Videography
Sketching the Crime Scene
Crime Scene Searching Techniques
Physical Evidence
Collecting and Packaging Evidence
References
Chapter 2. Crime Scene Reconstruction
Introduction
Epistemological Ubication: Scientific Nature of Criminal Reconstruction
Criminalistic Principles for Reconstruction
Systematic Methodology
Reconstructive Aspects of Some Evidences
Dynamic Indicia
Ballistic Trajectories
Autopsy Reports
Biomechanical Studies
BPA or Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
Forensic Clothing Analysis
Fire Marks
Fixing Evidence of Space-Time
Relationship with Criminological Techniques
Criminal Profiling
Psychological Autopsy
Forensic Linguistics
Biases in Criminalistic Reconstruction
Conclusions
Notes
References
Chapter 3. The Role of the Medical Examiner in the Crime Scene Investigation
Post-Mortem Changes
Hypostasis
Rigor Mortis
Putrefaction
Adipocere and Mummification
Temperature-Based Determination of Time Passed After Death
CSI in Asphyxia Deaths
Firearms
Entomology and CSI
CSI in Fall from Height
CSI in Sudden Infant Deaths
CSI in Suspected Cases of Child Abuse and Neglect
Burn Cases
Fall Injuries
Sexual Assault
Transportation Injuries
References
Chapter 4. Archaeological Evidence Collection
Introduction
Forensic Archaeology Definition and its use in the Medico-Legal Context
Location Assessment Prior the Excavation
Excavation Steps
Historical Background of the Archaeological Context. Archaeology of the Country/Region
Archaeological Evidence Collection and chain of Custody Procedure
Textile and Clothing Evidence
Metal Detecting, Cartridge Cases and Bullet Evidence Collection
Personal Items as Evidence Material
Surface Remains Evidence Collection
Evidence Collection Using Sieves
Tool marks as Forensic Evidence
Soil, Botanical and Geological Evidence
Other Evidence Collection
Case Studies
Yugoslav Army in the Homeland case
WWII German soldiers' case
A case of human remains from a cave
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5. Biological Evidence Collection
Introduction
Crime Scene Inspection and Evidence Searching
Line/Strip Method
Grid Method
Spiral Method
Zone/Quadrant Method
Wheel/Ray Method
Evidence Classification
Evidence Searching
Forensic Lights
Chemical Methods
Biological Evidence Collection Procedure
Evidence at Crime Scene
Trasportable Objects
Non-Transportable Objects
Non-Porous Surfaces
Porous Surfaces
Biological Liquids
Evidence from the Body of the Victim
Stains of Blood, Semen, or Other Biological Fluids
Saliva in Bite Marks
Nails
Hairs
Oral Cavity
Body Surface
Pubic Area
Cervix, Vaginal Cavity, and Vulvar Region
Anal Samples
Cadaveric Remains
Bodies in Good Conditions
Putriefied Bodies
Carbonized Bodies
Reference Samples Collection
Blood
Venous Puncture
Finger Puncture
Saliva
Hairs
Transfused Subjects
Evidence Packing
Scene Releasing
Evidence Transportation
Evidence Storage
Chain of Custody
Common Errors
Contamination
References
Chapter 6. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
Introduction
Historical Development
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Significance
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Principle
Categories of Blood Stains
Presumptive Testing and Chemical Enhancement
Evaluating a Bloodstain Case
Different Classes of Blood Stains
Flow Patterns
Blood Pool
Impact Spatter Stains
Cast-off Projected Stains
Expirated Bloodstains
Clotted Bloodstains
Diluted Bloodstains
Dried Bloodstains
Diffused/Capillary Action
Sequenced Bloodstains
Voids Patterns
Cast-off Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
Projected Bloodstain Patterns
Huge Volumes of Falling Blood Patterns
Documentation
Preserving Evidence
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Collection of Botanical Evidence
Introduction
Forensic Botany
Significance of Botanical Evidence
Botanical Crime Scene Analysis
Searching for Evidence
Photography and Documentation
Collection of Botanical Evidences
Essential Equipment for Collection and Packaging
Collection and Packaging Methods for Botanical Evidence
Palynological Samples
Diatoms from Water Bodies
Sample Collection for DNA Analysis
Evidence Collection from the Gut
Stomach and Intestinal Content
Vomitus and Fecal Material
Botany Field Datasheet
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Toxicological Evidence Collection
Introduction
Role of Forensic Investigator and Forensic Toxicologist
Crime Scene Investigation
Different Types of Evidence at the Crime Scene
Agricultural Chemicals
Organic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Drugs and Healthcare Products
Origin Based
Collection and Preservation of Evidence
Analysis/Tests for Toxicological Evidences to Be Performed at the Scene of Crime
Preventive Measures Taken Up by Forensic Toxicologist
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Digital Evidence Collection
Introduction
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Computer Forensics Investigation Process
Phases in Computer/Digital Forensic Investigation Process
Tool Selection
Data Collection from Mobile Phones
Documentation
Review
Data Collection from Solid State Drive (SSD) in Digital Forensics
Methods
The Copying Process (Imaging of SSD)
Analysis after Imaging of SSD
Steps of Implementation
Completion of Data Extraction from SSD
References
Chapter 10. Forensic Entomology: Overview and Application Considerations
History and Current Status of Forensic Entomology
Historical Association of Flies and Medicolegal Death Investigations
The Relationship Between Taxonomy, Ecology, and Insect Succession
Casework Applications
Factors Affecting Insect Colonization
General Effects of Differing Environments
Mechanical Barriers
Seasonal and Environmental Differences
Lighting Patterns
Entomological Evidence Collection, Analysis, and Report Writing
Collection
Analysis
Insect Succession Methods
Temperature-Dependent Development Methods
Report Writing
The Future of Forensic Entomology
Professionalism in Forensic Entomology
New Advances and Applications in Forensic Entomology
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11. Fiber Evidence Collection
Introduction
Types of Fibers
Natural Fibers
Plant Fibers
Animal Fibers
Semi-synthetic Fibers
Synthetic Fibers
Mineral Fibers
Fibers Obtained from the Hairs of Animals
Silk
Wool
Sampling and Testing
Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence
Examination of Fiber Evidence
Physical Examination
Physical Characteristics
Thread Counting
Microscopic Examination
Chemical Examination
Burn Test
Solubility Test
Chemical Test
Instrumental Analysis of Fiber
Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy
Chemical or Dye Analysis
Significance of Fibers as Trace Evidence
Crime Files
Murder of George Marsh (1912)
Ted Bundy Case
Leanne Tiernan Case
How She Was Found
Length of Time Since Her Death
The Dog Collar, the Twine, and the Cable Ties
DNA Examination
Hairs Found at Intervals on the Headband
First British Murder Investigation Exploitation Dog Polymer Identification
The Carpet and Bloodstains Beneath Floorboards
The Arrest
References
Chapter 12. Fingerprints
What Is a Fingerprint?
Conditions Impacting Fingerprints and Fingerprinting
History
Amazing Find
How Are Fingerprints Left?
Components of a Fingerprint
Patterns
Minutiae
Types of Prints
Inked Prints
Latent Prints
Processing
Plastic or 3-D Prints
Patent Prints
Surfaces
Other Surface Issues
Absence of Prints
Classification of Fingerprints
Palm Prints
Comparison-ACEV
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
Cases in Fingerprint History
References
Chapter 13. Firearms Evidence Collection
Introduction to Forensic Firearms Evidence
Firearm Evidence Considerations
Search and Recovery Equipment
Firearm Evidence Packaging and Handling
Firearm Safety and Handling
3-D Printed Firearms Handling and Collection
Homemade Firearms and Other Miscellaneous Firearms
Fired Ammunition
Unfired Ammunition
Underwater Firearm Evidence Collection
Gunshot Residue
Muzzle to Target Distance Determination
Infrared and Ultraviolet Camera in Gunshot Residue
Shooting Scene Investigation and Reconstruction
Importance of Crime Scene Reconstruction
Preliminary Steps for Shooting Incident Investigations
Role of Markings on Projectiles
Firearm Specific Markings
Post-Muzzle Markings and Trace Evidence
Geometric Projection Methods for Trajectory Determination
Physical Projection Methods
Entry Hole Geometry
Probes and Rods
Strings
Optical Projection Methods
Optical Sighting
Low Power Lasers
Laser Path Alignment with the Projectile Holes in Walls
Laser Beam Documentation
Positioning Stages
Using the Aligned Laser Beam to Determine the Angle Information
Intermediate Target Placement in the Laser Beam
Dual-Opposed Co-axial Laser
Lighting Auxiliary Alignment Targets
Crime Scene 3-D Scanning and Software Reconstruction
Crime Scene 3-D Scanning
Sources of Error and Precautions
Shell Casing Ejection/Cartridge Case Pattern Analysis
Other Shooting Reconstruction Considerations
Application of Chemical Reagents in Shooting Reconstruction
Dithiooxamide (DTO)
2-nitroso-1-naphthol
Sodium Rhodizonate (Soro)
Dimethylglyoxime (DMG)
Vehicle Dynamics in Shooting Reconstruction
Firearm-Associated Blood Spatter Patterns
References
Chapter 14. Trace Evidence
Soil
Forensic Significance
Methods of Recovery and Collection
Forensic Analysis
Paint
Forensic Significance
Methods of Recovery and Collection
Forensic Analysis
Glass
Forensic Significance
Methods of Recovery and Collection
Hand Picking with Tweezers or Forceps
Tape Lifts
Vacuuming
Scrapings
Shaking Clothing Over a Large Metal Cone
Forensic Analysis
References
Chapter 15. Rapid DNA Analysis at Crime Scenes
History of DNA Typing
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) and CODIS
Introduction of Rapid DNA Analysis
Implementation of Rapid DNA
Rapid DNA Technology Manufacturers
Rapid DNA Instruments and Their Developmental Validation
Case Studies on Rapid DNA Analysis
Benefits and Drawbacks of Rapid DNA Analysis
Past Efforts and Future of Rapid DNA Analysis
References
Chapter 16. Crime Scene Investigation for Veterinarians: Practical Vision
Veterinary Medicine and Forensic Sciences
Traces, Signs, Evidence, and Means of Proof
Veterinarians and Crime Scene
Types of Evidences
Testimonial Evidence
Physical Evidence
Circumstantial Evidence
Let Us Look at an Example Concerning Context
Effects on Crime Scene
Basic Principles of Criminalistics
Let's See an Example
Let's see an example
Managing the Evidence
An Example Where It Shows That Physical Evidence Is Not Always Enough
Crime Scene
First Responder
Security/Biosecurity Considerations
Zoonosis
Preliminary Report or Initial Documentation
The Life of Animals and People Prevails Over the Protection of Evidence
Triage
The Arrival of the Investigative Team
Crime Scene Processing by CSI Team
Technical/Visual Inspection (Assessment - Observation)
Planning and Coordination
Perimeter (Evaluation/Reassessment)
Check-In
Crime Scene Processing
Searching for Traces and Evidence
Search Patterns
Zonal Search
Point-to-Point Search
Crime Scene Processing
Identification of Traces/Vestiges and Evidence
Crime Scene Processing
Documentation
Written Documents (Notes)
Let's look at an example
Photographs
Evidence/Relationship Establishment Photograph
Exam or Forensic Quality Photograph
Videography
Sketching and Manual Mapping
Mapping the Crime Scene
Rectangular Coordinates
Sampling
Poisons
Firearms
Bloodstains
Transportable Items: Dry Spots in Small Samples
Non-Transportable Item
Wet Signs (Clothes or Other Objects)
Burns
Other Samples
Packaging
Approach the Corpse
Completion of Fieldwork
Expert Report (Adapted from Gardner & Krouskup, 2019)
General Considerations
Final Words
References
Appendix
Chapter 17. Forensic Odontology
Introduction
Forensic Odontology
Dental Evidence in Crime Scene Investigation
Bite Marks
Effects of the Fire in the Oral Cavity
Radiology Evidence
Cheiloscopy
Rugoscopy
Conclusion
References
Appendix A. Contextualizing Education of Crime Scene Investigation
Education Structure and Methods
Designing a Contextualized Crime Scene Investigator Training Program
References
Appendix B. Vicarious Traumatization and the Crime Scene Investigator
Social Change Implications
References
Additional Resources
Index
