Through recent research, there has been a significant number of findings involving the biology of macrophages. Beyond the 1st line of defense, macrophages have several specific characteristics across different tissues, organs, and systems. Macrophages comprehend a heterogeneous phagocytic population with wide range phenotypes, and tissue-specific functions, such as bone resorption, extracellular matrix production, red blood cells and bacteria removal, among others. Through innate immune receptors macrophages can modulate several pathways that culminate in the production of various types of inflammatory mediators such as chemokines, cytokines, oxygen reactive species, and lipid mediators which ultimately altered the behavior of other cells. Moreover, environment signals modify and induce metabolic reprograming that it alters phenotype and functions.
Macrophages in the Human Body: A Tissue Level Approach presents a current overview of the diversity of macrophages across multiple human body systems, their phenotype, function and metabolic characteristics. It covers translational aspects where there is research support to indicate the therapeutic potential.
Author(s): Niels Olson Saraiva Camara, Tárcio Teodoro Braga
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 321
City: London
Front Cover
Macrophages in the Human Body: A Tissue Level Approach
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1 Macrophages: From Metchnikoff to 2020 and ahead
References
Chapter 2 Macrophage differentiation
Background
Macrophage origin and plasticity
Mo-macrophage differentiation in vitro
Tissue imprinting and niche replacement
Innate immune memory: A new concept of trained macrophage immunity
New macrophage spectral phenotype
Macrophage spectral phenotype in inflammation and diseases
Cancer
Autoimmune diseases
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 3 Metabolic requirement for macrophages
Introduction
Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain
Spectrum of macrophages and immunometabolism
Pro-inflammatory macrophages
Pro-regenerative macrophages
Perspectives for therapies
References
Chapter 4 Spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphoid tissues—Inflammatory system
Introduction
Spleen
The splenic red pulp region
Red pulp macrophages
The splenic white pulp
White pulp macrophages
The splenic marginal zone
Macrophages in the marginal zone
Marginal zone macrophages and tissue immunity
Marginal metallophilic macrophages and tissue immunity
Removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages in the marginal zone and immune tolerance
Lymph node
Subcapsular sinus macrophages
Medullary sinus macrophages and medullary cord macrophages
Lymph node macrophages development
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Kidney—Inflammation and remodeling
Macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity
Monocyte recruitment and monocyte-derived macrophage diversity
Macrophage plasticity
Macrophages in acute kidney injury
M1 macrophage proliferation
M1 macrophage activation and function
Anti-inflammatory macrophages
Macrophages in chronic kidney disease
Pro-fibrotic macrophages
Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition
Macrophage granulomas
Macrophages during different kidney disease stages
Therapeutic prospects of macrophage function
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Dermal macrophages in health and disease
Introduction
Dermal macrophage characterization and phenotype
DM activation profile
Dermal macrophage ontogeny
Dermal macrophage functions
Homeostasis
DM and infections
Dermal macrophages and wound healing
DM and comorbidities associated with diabetes
Final considerations and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Bone—From macrophage to osteoclast and osteolytic diseases
Introduction and historical background
Molecular signature for osteoclast differentiation
M-CSF/CSF1R (c-Fms)
RANK/RANKL/OPG
RANK downstream signaling pathway
The MAPK signaling
JNK signaling
ERK signaling
Canonical and non-canonical NF- κ B signaling pathways
Ca2+ and costimulatory signaling in osteoclasts
Osteolytic diseases
Osteoporosis
Rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis
Periodontitis
Fracture healing
References
Chapter 8 Microglia and border-associated macrophages in the central nervous system
CNS macrophages heterogeneity and beyond
Macrophage’s phenotype in the brain
General functions of microglia and BAMs
Macrophages in CNS disorders
Aging
Alzheimer’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Brain cancer
Stroke
Other brain’s disease
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 9 Intestines—Inflammatory and digestive system
Introduction
Macrophages: Ontogeny, subtypes, and classic markers
Gastrointestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer
Metabolic pathways macrophages
Microbial metabolites in intestinal macrophages
Short-chain fatty acids
Axis arginine-polyamines
Tryptophan
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Lungs—Inflammatory and respiratory system
Lung-resident macrophage ontogeny and phenotype
Lung macrophages in homeostatic conditions
Lung macrophages in inflammatory conditions
Conclusion remarks
References
Chapter 11 Macrophages in the immune-endocrine milieu of reproductive tissues
Introduction
Macrophages in the male reproductive tract: Focus on the testis and epididymis
Testis
Epididymis
Macrophages in the female reproductive tract
Ovary
Uterine tubes
Macrophages under regulation of sex hormones
Conclusions/perspectives
References
Chapter 12 Macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface
Introduction
Macrophage origin in placenta
Tissue specialization, phenotype, and functional properties of Hofbauer and decidual macrophages
Macrophages and their contribution to placental immune privilege in COVID times
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Targeting macrophages in systemic diseases
Introduction
Distribution of monocytes and their subtypes in the peripheral blood
Macrophage subtypes in tissues
The role of monocytes and macrophages in systemic autoimmune diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Monocytes in systemic lupus erythematosus
Macrophages in systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Monocytes in rheumatoid arthritis
Macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic sclerosis
Monocytes in systemic sclerosis
Macrophages in systemic sclerosis
Sjögren syndrome
Monocytes in Sjögren syndrome
Macrophages in Sjögren syndrome
The role of monocytes and macrophages in systemic vasculitis
Monocytes in systemic vasculitis
Macrophages in systemic vasculitis
Macrophage activation syndrome and hyperactive immune syndromes
References
Index
Back Cover
