COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan City in December 2019 and spread throughout Hubei Province and other parts of China. After causing significant morbidity and mortality in China, by February 2020, it had spread to numerous other countries, infecting millions of people and causing a large number of deaths across the world.
The COVID-19 pandemic put a burden on almost all areas of the world including healthcare systems, education, industry, travel, etc. The pandemic revealed the vulnerability of the world’s healthcare systems and affected healthcare personnel significantly. The virus is able to attack not only the respiratory tract, but almost all the organs including the brain. Impacts on gut biota have also been noticed. The virus has caused both morbidity and mortality in humans without any geographical, cultural, or religious barriers. The emergence of new variants due to mutations in the virus has aggravated the problem. While the delta variant brought a second wave and killed a large number of people due to various factors such as lowering of saturated oxygen in blood and other physiological emergencies, the omicron variant proved to be less lethal. Though the pandemic has subsided, the emergence of the subvariants BA1 and BA2 and now their hybrids has started to increase the number of cases at exponential levels and has forced new lockdown measures in places such as China. As the conditions laid down to combat the pandemic have been relaxed, the virus may reach other countries and cause additional countries to resort to lockdown again.
COVID-19 became the focus of the scientific community with the aim of developing new drugs, repurposing available drugs to be used against the virus, and developing a series of vaccines in a short time. The mild effect of omicron might have been due to the extensive vaccination programmes carried out in various countries. However, there is genuine fear that newly emerging variants may evade the immune system and cause damage to the body.
This book highlights the impact of COVID-19 on science, industry, and healthcare systems. The chapters included in the volume come from dedicated experts belonging to basic sciences, biotechnology, pharmaceutical sciences, and other fields of sciences. These include discussions on how the virus evolves and attacks various organs in the body. A separate chapter explains the emergence of various strains of virus. The preparedness of hospitals and healthcare workers as well as different agencies such as DRDO to face the challenges posed by virus is also discussed. The way scientists and technologists developed new techniques to detect and control the virus have also been highlighted including a chapter on the development of vaccines to control the pandemic.
This book is a key resource for students, teachers, medical personnel, administrators, and the public as a whole.
Author(s): R. C. Sobti, Aastha Sobti
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 306
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor Biographies
List of Contributors
1 Impact of Covid-19 On Science, Education, Health Care, Environment, Economy, and Lifestyle
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Impact of Covid-19 On Science and Technology
1.3 Impact of Covid-19 On Healthcare Professionals and Services
1.3.1 Telemedicine/Telehealth
1.3.2 Psychological Impact On Healthcare Professionals
1.3.3 Social and Economic Impact On Healthcare Workers
1.4 Effect of Covid-19 On Education Sector
1.4.1 Positive Impact of Covid-19 On Education
1.5 The Impact of Covid-19 On Livelihoods and Lifestyles
1.6 Impact of Covid-19 On Environment and Economy
1.6.1 Environment
1.6.2 Economy
1.7 Technological Impact
References
2 Lessons Learned From Covid-19: Health, Education, and Environment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Coronaviruses
2.2.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
2.2.2 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
2.2.3 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)
2.3 Lessons Learned
2.3.1 Animals
2.3.2 Environment
2.3.3 Health
2.3.4 Science
2.3.5 Education
2.3.6 International Collaborations
2.4 Conclusions
References
3 Science and Research During Pandemic: Covid-19
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Understanding the Virus and Its Variants
3.3 Diagnostic Measures
3.4 Therapeutics Used for Covid-19
3.5 Vaccine Development
3.6 Role of Research, ML, and AI in Combating the Pandemic
3.7 Other Challenges in Research During Covid-19
3.8 Conclusion
References
4 Molecular Biology Lessons Learned From the Spiky Intruder SARS-CoV-2-19
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Pandemic and Molecular Biology
4.3 SARS-CoV-2 Detection By the RT-PCR Method
4.4 The Test Method Performance Characterization
4.5 Validation of RT-PCR Methods for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2
4.6 Performance of the Test in Current Pandemic
4.6.1 Molecular Targets Selected
4.6.2 Limitations of SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Tests
4.6.3 Sampling Limitations
4.6.4 COVID-19 Viral Load in Sample Collection
4.6.5 Diagnostic Timing and Risk of False Negatives
4.6.6 Quality of Samples for Accurate Testing
4.7 Technical Limitations of the Diagnostic Tests
4.7.1 Methodological Limitations
4.7.2 Limitation of Reference Materials
4.7.3 Inter-Laboratory Comparisons
4.8 Conceptual Limitations of SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Tests
4.8.1 Lack of Knowledge About the Virus Genome
4.8.2 Genetic Diversity of SARS-CoV-2
4.9 Variants of SARS-CoV-2
4.10 Dominant Delta Variant Versus Upcoming Omicron Variant
4.11 Molecular Tests Impacted By SARS-CoV-2
4.12 What Should Test Kit Manufacturers and Testing Labs Do?
4.13 Rapid Screening of Variants With Test Kits
4.14 Surveillance of Variants
4.14.1 Genomic Surveillance of Variants
4.14.2 Wastewaters Screening of Variants
4.15 Impact of Globalization On Variants
4.16 Throughput of Detection Tests
4.17 Impact of Pandemic Bottlenecks On Testing Strategies
4.18 RNA-Based Vaccine Developments
4.19 Conclusion
References
5 The Mystery Virus, SARS-CoV-2: And Its Dynamics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Historical Development
5.3 Corona Virus Structure and Spread
5.3.1 Spike, Mutation, and Evolutionary Lineage
5.4 Mode of Entry of Virus
5.5 The Issue of Phylogeny and Strains in India
5.6 Development of Covaxin in India
5.7 Conclusions
References
6 The Molecular Biology of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Evolving Variants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Morphology of SARS-CoV-2
6.3 Features and Distinction Between Coronaviruses
6.4 Variants of SARS-CoV-2
6.5 Viral Transmission and Replication of SARS-CoV-2
6.5.1 RdRp in Virus Evolution
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Covid-19 Pathology, Clinical Implications, and Prevention
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Clinico-Pathological Characteristics
7.2.1 Severity of Disease
7.2.2 Pathologenesis
7.3 Diagnosis
7.3.1 Viral Tests
7.3.2 Antibody Tests
7.3.3 Radiological Tests
7.4 Prevention
7.4.1 Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2
7.5 Conclusions
Note
References
8 COVID-19 and Comorbidities
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19
8.3 Hypertension and COVID-19
8.4 Obesity and COVID-19
8.5 Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19
8.6 Renal Diseases and COVID-19
8.7 Liver Disease and COVID-19
8.8 Lung Disease and COVID-19
8.9 Malignancy and COVID-19
8.10 Fractures and COVID-19
References
9 Immunology of COVID-19
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Types of Coronaviruses/The Coronavirus Family
9.3 Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
9.4 Immune Response Against Coronavirus
9.4.1 Innate Immune Response in COVID-19
9.4.2 Cellular Immune Response/Adaptive Immunity in COVID-19
9.4.3 Humoral Immune Response in COVID-19
9.4.4 Cytokine Storm and Hyperinflammation
9.4.5 Immunogenetics
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Extrapulmonary Manifestations: After Effects of COVID-19 Post Recovery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Extrapulmonary Manifestations of Coronavirus Infections
10.2.1 Renal Dysfunction
10.2.2 Gastrointestinal (GI) and Hepatic Manifestations
10.2.3 Cardiac Manifestation
10.2.4 Neurological Findings
10.2.4.1 Central Nervous System Manifestations
10.2.4.2 Peripheral Nervous System Manifestations
10.2.5 Hematological Manifestations
10.2.6 Skin Manifestations
10.2.7 Reproductive System Involvement
10.2.8 Ophthalmic Manifestations
10.2.9 Endocrinal Manifestations
10.2.10 Microbial Coinfections in COVID-19
10.2.11 COVID-19 and Unusual Manifestations
10.3 Conclusions
References
11 Update On Covid-19 Treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Virology and Potential Drug Targets
11.3 Therapeutic Approaches
11.4 Management of Covid-19
11.5 Mild-To-Moderate Disease
11.6 Severe Disease
11.7 Role of Convalescent Plasma
11.8 Role of Steroids for Covid-19
11.9 Antiviral Drugs
11.10 Kinase Inhibitors
11.11 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies
11.12 Immunomodulators
11.13 Other Treatments
11.14 Treatment of Covid-19 in Special Populations
11.14.1 Pregnancy (33)
11.14.2 Children (34)
References
12 A Virus SARS-CoV-2: Vaccination Strategies
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Immune Response to Covid-19
12.3 Strategies for Vaccine Against SARS-COV-2
12.3.1 DNA Vaccines
12.3.2 RNA Vaccines
12.3.3 Recombinant Vector Vaccines
12.3.4 Live Attenuated Vaccines
12.3.5 Inactivated Virus Vaccines
12.3.6 Subunit Vaccines
12.4 Plasma Therapy
12.5 Adverese Effects
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Preclinical Safety Assessment of Vaccines Developed Against COVID-19: Recent Updates
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Molecular Evolution
13.3 Preclinical Data
13.3.1 University of Oxford/Astrazeneca
13.3.2 Moderna
13.3.3 Sinovac
13.3.4 CanSino Biologics (Ad5-NCoV)
13.3.5 Sinopharm Vaccine
13.3.6 Inovio Pharmaceuticals Vaccine
13.3.7 Bharat Biotech
13.3.8 Zydus Cadila
13.4 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
14 Mucormycosis in Covid-19 Patients
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mucormycosis-Etiologic Agent
14.3 Epidemiology and Disease Manifestations
14.4 Classification of Mucormycosis Based On Anatomic Site of Infection
14.4.1 Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral Mucormycosis (ROCM)
14.4.2 Pulmonary Mucormycosis
14.4.3 Cutaneous Mucormycosis
14.4.4 Gastrointestinal Mucormycosis
14.4.5 Disseminated Mucormycosis
14.5 Diagnosis
14.5.1 Direct Microscopy
14.5.2 Histopathology
14.5.3 Culture and Identification
14.6 Treatment
14.7 Role of Medicinal Plants in Fungal Infections
14.8 Concluding Remarks
References
15 Mucormycosis: An Emerging Opportunistic Infection in the Post-COVID Era
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Incidence
15.3 Etiological Mycology
15.4 Risk Factors and Underlying Diseases
15.5 Etiopathogenesis
15.6 Clinical Presentation
15.7 Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis
15.8 Clinical Diagnosis
15.9 Treatment
15.9.1 Antifungals
15.9.1.1 Lipid and Liposomal Amphotericin B
15.9.1.2 Adjunctive Antifungal Agents
15.9.1.3 Combination Drug Therapy
15.9.2 Surgical Debridment
15.9.3 Adjuvant Treatment
15.9.4 Supportive Treatment
15.10 Prognosis and Follow-Up
References
16 Role of DRDO in Covid-19 Containment
16.1 Introduction
16.2 SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
16.3 Role of DRDO In Containing the Spread Of COVID-19
16.4 Hand and Surface Sanitizer
16.5 Body Suits and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
16.5.1 Face Masks
16.5.2 N95 and N99 Masks
16.5.3 How to Wear and Remove N95 Or N99 Mask (Donning & Doffing)
16.5.4 Surgical Masks
16.5.5 Protective Face Shields
16.5.6 Quality of Face Masks
16.5.6.1 ASTM 2100
16.5.6.2 EN 14683
16.5.6.3 NIOSH
16.5.6.4 ISO 10993
16.5.7 Masks as Fashion During COVID-19
16.5.8 Disposal
16.5.9 Testing and Certification of Samples of PPE
16.6 UV-Based Sanitization Equipment
16.6.1 Ultra Swachh for Disinfection of PPE and Other Materials
16.6.2 Automated System for Decontamination of N95 Face Masks
16.6.3 UV Sanitization Box and Handheld UV Device
16.7 Other Sanitization Equipment and Systems
16.7.1 Germiklean-Dry Heat Sanitization System
16.7.2 Evaporating Fogger For Sanitization
16.7.3 Vehicle Sanitization Enclosure
16.7.4 Vehicle Sanitization System (Fog Based)
16.7.5 Shoe and Driveway Sanitizer
16.7.6 Mobile Area Sanitization System
16.7.7 Personnel Sanitization Enclosure (PSE)
16.7.8 Automatic Mist-Based Sanitizer Dispensing Unit
16.8 COVID-19 Sample Testing
16.9 Ventilators
16.10 Medical Oxygen Plant (MOP)
16.11 COVID Sample Collection Kiosk (COVSACK)
16.12 Mobile BSL3 Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL) Lab
16.13 Different Types of Inflatable Shelters
16.13.1 Negative Pressure Inflatable Isolation Shelter for Ten Occupants
16.13.2 Anywhere Erectable Isolation Shelters
16.14 Metrics
16.15 Conclusion
References
17 Food and Nutrition Security as Preventive and Therapeutic Health Care: Now and Beyond the Covid-19 Pandemic
17.1 SARS-CoV-2
17.2 Food as Sustainable Preventive Healthcare Therapy
17.2.1 Learning From the COVID-19 Pandemic
17.2.2 Food Supplements as Cure
17.3 Sustainable Development Goals
17.4 Challenges
17.4.1 Hunger
17.4.2 Hidden Hunger
17.4.3 Food Production
17.4.4 Demand and Supply Gap
17.4.5 Food Insecurity
17.4.6 Factors for Food Shortage
17.4.7 Wastage Due to Farm-To-Fork Losses
17.5 Impact of Food And Nutrition Insecurity
17.5.1 Learning From the Covid-19 Pandemic
17.6 Solutions: Food and Nutrition Scarcity to Security
Bibliography
18 Potential Role of Natural Essential Oils in the Management of Respiratory Distress in Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2: An Overview
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Deciphering Molecular Biology and Potential Strategies for Drug Therapy Against SARS-CoV-2
18.3 Approaches To Using Essential Oils in the Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
18.3.1 Antiviral Effects of Essential Oils in Managing SARS-CoV-2 Infection
18.3.2 Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Essential Oils in Managing SARS-CoV-2 Infection
18.3.3 Antianxiety and Stress-Reducing Effects of Essential Oils in the Management of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
18.4 Insights for Using Essential Oils Therapy Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection
18.5 Discussion
18.6 Conclusions
References
19 Traditional Herbal Medicines for Accelrating Research in and Biomedical Sciences in the Era of Covid-19
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Quantification and Assortment of Phytochemicals
19.3 Diabetes
19.4 Cancer
19.5 Covid-19 and Herbal Medicines
19.6 Conclusions
References
20 Role of Physiotherapy in Covid-19 Pandemic
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Short-Wave Diathermy for Covidpneumonia
20.3 Role of Physiotherapy in Reducing Covid Hospital-Acquired Anxiety and Depression
20.3.1 Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT)
20.3.2 Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation of Respiration (PNF)
20.3.3 Light Exercises
20.4 Role of Physiotherapy in Mangement of Dyspnoea and Improving SPO2 Levels in Covid-19 Patients
20.4.1 Neurophysiological Facilitation (NPF) of Respiration
20.4.2 Acupressure
20.5 Exercises to Improve Immunity During Covid-19 Pandemic
20.6 Conclusion
References
21 India’s Healthcare Scenario During 2020
21.1 Introduction
21.2 History of Pandemics
21.3 Challenges in the Healthcare Sector
21.4 Government Healthcare Schemes
21.5 Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic On Health Care System in India
21.6 Technological Innovations in Indian Healthcare Sector
21.6.1 Artificial Intelligence
21.6.2 Big Data
21.6.3 Digital Tools
21.7 Conclusion
References
22 Healthcare in COVID-19 Era
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Aftermath: Biological Disaster
22.2.1 Changes in Primary Care
22.2.1.1 Behavioral Factors: Means as an Individual What I Can Do to Prevent Infection
22.2.1.2 Nutritional Factors
22.2.1.3 Social Factors
22.2.1.4 Mental Health Factors
22.2.1.5 Support Children and Elders in Family and Surroundings
22.2.1.6 Lockdown
22.2.2 Changes in Secondary Care
22.2.2.1 Specialty Care
22.2.2.2 Isolation
22.2.3 Changes in Tertiary Care
22.2.4 Physical and Mental Wellbeing of Healthcare Workers
22.3 Technology Upgrades in Health Care
22.3.1 Present State of Telemedicine in India
22.4 Challenges for Health Care
References
23 Role of the World Health Organization in Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic
23.1 Introduction
23.2 About the World Health Organization
23.3 World Health Organization and Epidemiology
23.4 World Health Organization and the COVID-19 Pandemic
23.5 Globalization and Health
23.6 Pluralism in Global Health
23.7 Conclusion
References
24 Environmental Safeguards in Running a Level-3 COVID-19 Facility: The SGPGIMS Way
24.1 Introduction
24.2 COVID-19 Preparedness at SGPGIMS
24.3 Key Thrust Areas
24.3.1 Bio-Medical Waste Management Protocol
24.3.2 Sanitization and Housekeeping Protocol
24.3.3 Dead Body Management Protocol
24.3.4 Healthcare Worker (HCW) Safety
24.3.5 COVID-19 Screening
24.3.6 Central Control Room
24.3.7 Continuity of Healthcare Delivery By Telemedicine Services
24.4 Conclusion
References
Index
