Laser Spectroscopy and Laser Imaging: An Introduction

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Detailed Contents
Series Preface
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Lasers and their impact on spectroscopy and imaging
1.1.1 Laser properties of importance to spectroscopy
1.1.2 Concepts of laser spectroscopy and imaging
1.2 Organization of the book
1.2.1 Introduction to photon–matter interaction processes, laser sources, and detection methodologies
1.2.2 Spectroscopic techniques and their applications
1.2.3 Laser-spectroscopic imaging
Chapter 2: Interaction of Light with Matter
2.1 Absorption and emission of radiation
2.1.1 Einstein coefficients and transition probabilities
2.1.2 Quantitative description of light absorption—The Beer–Lambert law
2.2 Fluorescence and phosphorescence
2.3 Light scattering
2.3.1 Rayleigh scattering
2.3.2 Mie scattering
2.3.3 Reflection and refraction
2.4 Light scattering: Inelastic processes
2.4.1 Brillouin scattering
2.4.2 Raman scattering
2.5 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
2.5.1 Breakthrough: Color in prehistoric times
2.5.2 At the cutting edge: Single-photon spectroscopy of a single molecule
Chapter 3: The Basics of Lasers
3.1 Framework for laser action
3.1.1 Rate equations
3.1.2 Population inversion in the steady-state limit
3.1.3 Laser cavities
3.1.4 Laser gain
3.1.5 Cavity dynamics and the evolution of laser photons
3.2 Laser cavities: Spatial field distributions and laser beams
3.2.1 Transverse mode structure
3.2.2 Gaussian beams and their propagation
3.3 Laser cavities: Mode frequencies, line shapes, and spectra
3.3.1 Frequency mode structure
3.3.2 Line profiles and widths
3.3.3 Laser linewidth, gain bandwidth, and laser spectrum
3.3.4 Single-mode laser operation
3.4 Laser cavities: Temporal characteristics
3.4.1 CW operation and laser output modulation
3.4.2 Pulsed laser operation
3.4.3 Mode locking: Generation of ultrashort picosecond and femtosecond pulses
3.4.4 Group delay dispersion: Shortening and lengthening ultrashort (chirped) pulses
3.5 Polarization and coherence properties of lasers and laser beams
3.5.1 Laser polarization
3.5.2 Tailoring the polarization of a laser beam: Linear, circular, and radial polarization
3.5.3 Coherence
3.6 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
3.6.1 Breakthrough: Theoretical description of modes in a laser cavity
3.6.2 At the cutting edge: Steady-state ab initio laser theory for complex gain media
Chapter 4: Laser Sources Based on Gaseous, Liquid, or Solid-State Active Media
4.1 Parameters of importance for laser spectroscopy and laser imaging
4.2 Gas laser sources (mostly fixed frequency)
4.3 Dye lasers (tunable frequency)
4.4 Solid-state laser sources (fixed and tunable frequency)
4.4.1 Nd:YAG lasers
4.4.2 Ti:sapphire lasers
4.5 Fiber laser sources
4.5.1 Wavelength selection and tunability
4.5.2 Q-Switched and mode-locked pulse generation
4.5.3 Supercontinuum sources
4.5.4 Fiber lasers versus bulk solid-state lasers
4.6 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
4.6.1 Breakthrough: Ti:sapphire lasers
4.6.2 At the cutting edge: OFCs for high-resolution spectroscopy
Chapter 5: Laser Sources Based on Semiconductor Media and Nonlinear Optic Phenomena
5.1 Semiconductor laser sources
5.1.1 Principles of laser diodes
5.1.2 Laser diode resonators
5.1.3 Monolithic diode laser devices
5.1.4 External cavity diode lasers (ECDL)
5.1.5 Optically pumped ECDLs
5.2 Quantum cascade lasers
5.3 Laser sources based on NLO: Sum and difference frequency conversion
5.3.1 Basic principles of frequency conversion in nonlinear media
5.3.2 Phase matching
5.3.3 Selected nonlinear crystals and their common uses
5.3.4 Conversion efficiency and ways to increase it
5.3.5 Outside- and inside-cavity NLO-crystal configurations
5.4 Laser sources based on NLO: Optical parametric amplification (down-conversion)
5.4.1 OPG and OPOs
5.5 Remarks on laser safety
5.5.1 How do laser wavelengths affect our eyes?
5.5.2 Maximum permissible exposure and accessible emission limit
5.5.3 Laser classification
5.5.4 Laser safety eyewear
5.6 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
5.6.1 Breakthrough: Semiconductor laser diodes
5.6.2 Breakthrough: Widely tunable QCLs
5.6.3 At the cutting edge: HHG and attosecond pulses
Chapter 6: Common Spectroscopic and Imaging Detection Techniques
6.1 Spectral and image information: How to recover them from experimental data
6.1.1 Spectral information and its retrieval from photon events
6.1.2 Image information and its retrieval from photon events
6.1.3 Spectral/image information and its retrieval from charged-particle events
6.2 Photon detection: Single element devices
6.2.1 PDs and their principal modes of operation
6.2.2 Types of PDs
6.2.3 Important operating parameters of PDs
6.2.4 Photomultiplier tubes
6.2.5 Important operating parameters of photomultipliers
6.3 Photon detection: Multielement array devices
6.3.1 PDA sensors
6.3.2 CCD and CMOS array sensors
6.3.3 On-chip amplified image sensors: EMCCD and e-APD devices
6.3.4 Externally amplified and gated image sensors: ICCD devices
6.4 Charged particle detection
6.4.1 Direct charge detectors—Faraday cup
6.4.2 Single-element amplifying detectors—Channeltron
6.4.3 Multiple-element amplifying detectors—MCP
6.5 Detection by indirect phenomena
6.5.1 Photothermal/photoacoustic spectroscopy
6.5.2 Photoacoustic imaging
6.5.3 Photoacoustic Raman (stimulated Raman) scattering
6.6 Signals, noise, and signal recovery methodologies
6.6.1 Signals and noise
6.6.2 Low-intensity “continuous” signals—Lock-in methods
6.6.3 Low-intensity pulsed signals—Gating methods
6.7 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
6.7.1 Breakthrough: First transistorized lock-in amplifier
6.7.2 Breakthrough: First demonstration of CCD imaging
6.7.3 At the cutting edge: Nanoscale light detectors and imaging
Chapter 7: Absorption Spectroscopy and Its Implementation
7.1 Concepts of linear absorption spectroscopy
7.1.1 Absorption coefficient and cross section
7.1.2 Spectral line profiles
7.2 Line broadening and line shapes in absorption spectroscopy
7.2.1 Natural broadening
7.2.2 Collisional or pressure broadening
7.2.3 Doppler broadening
7.2.4 Combined line profiles—The Voigt convolution profile
7.2.5 Other effects impacting on linewidth
7.3 Nonlinear absorption spectroscopy
7.3.1 Saturation spectroscopy
7.3.2 Polarization spectroscopy
7.4 Multiphoton absorption processes
7.4.1 Two-photon absorption spectroscopy
7.4.2 Doppler-free TPA
7.4.3 Multiphoton absorption and molecular dissociation
7.5 Key parameters and experimental methodologies in absorption spectroscopy
7.5.1 Wavelength regimes
7.5.2 Spectral resolving power
7.5.3 Experimental methodologies
7.6 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
7.6.1 Breakthrough: Absorption spectroscopy utilizing SC sources
7.6.2 At the cutting edge: Precision laser spectroscopy of hydrogen: Challenging QED?
Chapter 8: Selected Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy
8.1 Basic methodologies based on broadband sources
8.1.1 BB-AS utilizing SC sources
8.1.2 Minimum detectable concentrations and LODs
8.2 Absorption spectroscopy using frequency combs
8.2.1 Basic concepts of frequency combs
8.2.2 Measuring and controlling frequency-comb parameters
8.2.3 Spectroscopic metrology based on frequency combs
8.2.4 Direct frequency comb spectroscopy—DFCS
8.3 Absorption spectroscopy using tunable diode and quantum-cascade laser (QCL) sources
8.3.1 Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
8.3.2 QCL in absorption spectroscopy
8.3.3 cw-QCL absorption spectroscopy
8.3.4 EC-QCL absorption spectroscopy
8.3.5 p-QCL absorption spectroscopy
8.4 Cavity-enhancement techniques
8.4.1 Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy
8.4.2 Cavity ring-down spectroscopy
8.5 Terahertz spectroscopy
8.5.1 Basic features and experimental methodologies
8.5.2 Applications of terahertz spectroscopy in molecular structure and chemical analysis
8.5.3 Applications of terahertz spectroscopy in biology and medicine
8.6 Photoacoustic and photothermal spectroscopy with lasers
8.6.1 Quartz-enhanced PAS
8.7 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
8.7.1 Breakthrough: Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy utilizing SC sources
8.7.2 At the cutting edge: CRDS of optically trapped aerosol particles
Chapter 9: Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Its Implementation
9.1 Fundamental Aspects of Fluorescence Emission
9.1.1 The concept of fluorophores
9.1.2 Principal processes in excited-state fluorescence
9.2 Structure of Fluorescence Spectra
9.3 Radiative Lifetimes and Quantum Yields
9.4 Quenching, Transfer, and Delay of Fluorescence
9.4.1 Fluorescence quenching and the Stern–Volmer law
9.4.2 Förster resonance energy transfer
9.4.3 Delayed fluorescence
9.5 Fluorescence Polarization and Anisotropy
9.6 Single-Molecule Fluorescence
9.7 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
9.7.1 Breakthrough: Coining the term “fluorescence”
9.7.2 Breakthrough: First LIF spectroscopy
9.7.3 At the cutting edge: Laser-stimulated fluorescence on the macroscopic level—Fluorescing fossils
Chapter 10: Selected Applications of Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy
10.1 LIF measurement instrumentation in spectrofluorimetry
10.2 Steady-state laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
10.2.1 LIF in gas-phase molecular spectroscopy
10.2.2 LIF applied to reaction dynamics
10.2.3 LIF in analytical chemistry
10.2.4 LIF for medical diagnosis
10.3 Time-resolved LIF spectroscopy
10.3.1 Measurements of lifetimes in the FD
10.3.2 Measurements of lifetimes in the time domain: TCSPC
10.3.3 LIF applied to femtosecond transition-state spectroscopy
10.4 LIF spectroscopy at the small scale
10.4.1 LIF microscopy
10.4.2 Fluorescence-correlation spectroscopy
10.5 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
10.5.1 Breakthrough: First LIF measurements to resolve the internal state distribution of reaction products
10.5.2 At the cutting edge: FRET measurement of gaseous ionized proteins
Chapter 11: Raman Spectroscopy and Its Implementation
11.1 Fundamentals of the Raman process: Excitation and detection
11.2 The structure of Raman spectra
11.2.1 Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering
11.2.2 “Pure” rotational Raman spectra
11.2.3 Ro-vibrational Raman bands
11.2.4 Hot bands, overtones, and combination bands
11.2.5 Peculiarities in the Raman spectra from liquids and solid samples
11.2.6 Polarization effects in Raman spectra
11.3 Basic experimental implementations: Key issues on excitation and detection
11.3.1 Laser excitation sources
11.3.2 Delivery of excitation laser light
11.3.3 Samples and their incorporation into the overall setup
11.3.4 Raman light collection
11.3.5 Wavelength separation/selection devices
11.3.6 Photon detectors
11.3.7 Signal acquisition and data analysis equipment
11.4 Raman spectroscopy and its variants
11.4.1 Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy variants
11.4.2 “Enhanced” Raman techniques
11.4.3 Nonlinear Raman techniques
11.5 Advantages and drawbacks, and comparison to other “vibrational“ analysis techniques
11.5.1 The problem of fluorescence
11.5.2 Advantages and drawbacks of Raman spectroscopy, and comparison to (IR) absorption spectroscopy
11.6 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
11.6.1 Breakthrough: UV Raman spectroscopy
11.6.2 At the cutting edge: Atomic properties probed by Raman spectroscopy
Chapter 12: Linear Raman Spectroscopy
12.1 The framework for qualitative and quantitative Raman spectroscopy
12.1.1 Determining and calibrating the Raman excitation laser wavelength
12.1.2 Calibrating the spectrometer wavelength and Raman shift scales
12.1.3 Intensity calibration for quantitative Raman spectra
12.1.4 Quantification of molecular constituents in a sample
12.2 Measuring Molecular Properties Using Linear Raman Spectroscopy
12.2.1 Raman scattering of polarized light waves
12.2.2 Depolarization ratios
Totally symmetric vibrational modes
Non-totally symmetric vibrational modes
12.2.3 Measuring depolarization ratio
12.2.4 Raman optical activity
12.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Gaseous Samples
12.3.1 Spectroscopy of rotational and vibrational features
12.3.2 Analytical Raman spectroscopy and process monitoring
12.3.3 Remote sensing using Raman spectroscopy—The Raman LIDAR
12.4 Raman Spectroscopy of Liquid Samples
12.4.1 Spectroscopic aspects of Raman spectroscopy in liquids
12.4.2 Analytical aspects of Raman spectroscopy in liquids
12.4.3 “Super-resolution” Raman spectroscopy
12.5 Raman Spectroscopy of Solid Samples
12.5.1 Spectroscopic and structural information for “ordered” materials
12.5.2 Analytical and diagnostic applications for “soft tissue” samples
12.6 Breakthroughs and the Cutting Edge
12.6.1 Breakthrough: Raman spectroscopy in the terahertz range
12.6.2 At the cutting edge: Raman spectroscopy in the search for life on Mars
Chapter 13: Enhancement Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy
13.1 Waveguide-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
13.1.1 Raman spectroscopy using liquid-core waveguides (LC-OF)
13.1.2 Hollow-core metal-lined waveguides
13.1.3 Hollow-core photonic-crystal fibers
13.1.4 Measures to reduce fluorescence contributions in backward Raman setups
13.2 Cavity-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
13.3 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy
13.3.1 Basic concepts of resonance Raman scattering
13.3.2 Applications of RRS to probing of excited electronic state quantum levels
13.3.3 Applications of RRS to obtain structural information for large molecules
13.3.4 Applications of RRS to analytical problems
13.4 Breakthroughs and The Cutting Edge
13.4.1 Breakthrough: First RRS of heme-proteins
13.4.2 At the cutting edge: Low-concentration gas sensors based on HC-PCFs
Chapter 14: Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy
14.1 Basic Concepts and Classification of Nonlinear Raman Responses
14.1.1 Incoherent vs. coherent signal character
14.1.2 Spontaneous vs. stimulated scattering processes
Stimulated Raman resonance
Stimulated detection mode
14.1.3 Homodyne vs. heterodyne detection
14.2 Nonlinear Interaction with Surfaces: SERS
14.2.1 Trying to understand SERS spectra
14.2.2 Single spherical nanoparticle model for SERS
14.2.3 E4-enhancement in the Raman response
14.2.4 Wavelength dependence of the E4-enhancement
14.2.5 Distance dependence of the E4-enhancement
14.2.6 Chemical enhancement in the Raman response
14.2.7 SERS substrates
14.3 Variants of SERS—Toward Ultralow Concentration and Ultrahigh Spatial Resolution RS
14.3.1 Preconcentration of ultralow concentration samples—SLIPSERS
14.3.2 Single-molecule SERS
14.3.3 Principles of tip-enhanced RS
14.4 HYPER-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY: HRS
14.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering and Spectroscopy: SRS
14.5.1 SRS using tunable probe laser sources
14.5.2 SRS using ps- and fs-laser sources (fs-SRS)
14.6 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering and Spectroscopy: CARS
14.6.1 Basic framework for CARS
14.6.2 Tuned single-mode and ns-pulse CARS
14.6.3 Broadband fs-pulse CARS and time-resolved CARS
14.6.4 Spontaneous, stimulated, and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopies in comparison
14.7 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
14.7.1 Breakthrough: SERS using silver films over nanospheres (AgFON)
14.7.2 Breakthrough: Toward “pen-on-paper” SERS substrates
14.7.3 At the cutting edge: Seeing a single molecule vibrate utilizing tr-CARS
Chapter 15: Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
15.1 Method of LIBS
15.1.1 Basic concepts: Plasma generation and characterization
15.1.2 Basic experimental setups and ranging approaches
15.1.3 Double-pulse excitation
15.1.4 Portable, remote, and standoff LIBS
15.1.5 Femtosecond LIBS
15.2 Qualitative and Quantitative LIBS Analyses
15.3 Selected LIBS Applications
15.3.1 Application of LIBS to liquids and samples submerged in liquids
15.3.2 Detection of hazardous substances by ST-LIBS
15.3.3 Space applications
15.3.4 Industrial applications
15.4 Breakthroughs anD the cutting edge
15.4.1 Breakthrough: Quantitative LIBS analysis using nanosecond- and femtosecond-pulse lasers
15.4.2 At the cutting edge: Elemental chemical mapping of biological samples using LIBS
Chapter 16: Laser Ionization Techniques
16.1 Basic Concepts of REMPI
16.1.1 Quantitative description of REMPI in the framework of rate equations
16.1.2 REMPI signal intensity
16.1.3 Selection rules for the ionization step in REMPI
16.1.4 Conceptual experimental REMPI setups
16.2 Applications of REMPI in Molecular Spectroscopy and to Chemical Interaction Processes
16.2.1 Molecular spectroscopy utilizing REMPI
Spectroscopy of the molecule nitric oxide (NO)
Spectroscopy of the radicals calcium hydride/calcium deuteride (CaH/CaD)
16.2.2 Investigation of chemical reactions utilizing REMPI
Hydrogen exchange reaction H + D2 ! HD + D
Excited-state chemical reaction O*(1D) + N2O
Doppler-selected REMPI-ToF
16.2.3 Photodissociation studies utilizing REMPI
Photodissociation of N2O
16.2.4 REMPI spectroscopy of catalytic reactions
Recombination of D2 at the surface of Pd(100)
16.3 REMPI and Analytical Chemistry
16.3.1 REMPI spectroscopy with isotopologue and isomeric selectivity
16.3.2 REMPI spectroscopy in trace and environmental analyses
REMPI of NO in exhaled breath
REMPI of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
16.3.3 Following biological processes by using REMPI spectroscopy
16.4 ZEKE Spectroscopy
16.4.1 Methodology of ZEKE spectroscopy
16.4.2 Measurement modality of pulsed-field ionization: PFI-ZEKE
16.4.3 Examples of high-resolution ZEKE spectroscopy
Quasi-bound rotational levels of H2+
Line intensities in the vibrational progressions of the ZEKE spectra: The I2 molecule
Low-frequency modes: van der Waals complexes and internal rotation of molecular cations
16.4.4 MATI spectroscopy
16.5 Technique of H Atom Rydberg Tagging
16.5.1 Reaction H + D2 ! HD + D
16.5.2 Reaction of F atoms with H2 molecules: Dynamical resonances
16.5.3 Four-atom reaction OH + D2 ! HOD + D
16.6 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
16.6.1 Breakthrough: First state-resolved REMPI spectrum of a molecule
16.6.2 At the cutting edge: Ultrahigh sensitivity PAH analysis using GC-APLI-MS
Chapter 17: Basic Concepts of Laser Imaging
17.1 Concepts of Imaging with Laser Light
17.1.1 Laser illumination concepts: Point, line, and sheet patterns in transparent gas and liquid samples
17.1.2 Laser illumination concepts: Point, line, and sheet patterns in condensed-phase samples
17.1.3 Image sensing and recording concepts
17.1.4 Multispectral and hyperspectral recording
17.2 Image Generation, Image Sampling, and Image Reconstruction
17.2.1 Sampling and its relation to signal digitization
17.2.2 Sampling and its relation to spatial resolution
17.2.3 Sampling and its relation to spectral resolution
17.2.4 Image reconstruction
17.3 Superresolution Imaging
17.3.1 Sub-Abbé limit localization and “classical” superresolution strategies
17.3.2 Imaging and reconstruction strategies for structured illumination methods
17.3.3 Imaging and reconstruction strategies for local-saturation methods
17.3.4 Imaging and reconstruction strategies for single-molecule response methods
17.4 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
17.4.1 Breakthrough: Airy-scan detection in confocal laser microscopy
17.4.2 At the cutting edge: Single-pixel detector multispectral imaging
Chapter 18: Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging
18.1 Two- and three-dimensional planar laser-Induced fluorescence imaging
18.1.1 PLIF imaging in gaseous samples
Basic theory and experimental setup
18.1.2 Selected examples for PLIF of gaseous samples
OH imaging in a turbulent nonpremixed flame
Kerosene combustion in multipoint injectors
Gelled fuel droplet combustion
PLIF imaging in catalysis
18.1.3 PLIF imaging of biological tissues
18.2 Fluorescence Molecular Tomography
18.2.1 Basic concepts
18.2.2 Examples of FMT
18.3 Superresolution Microscopy
18.3.1 STED microscopy
18.3.2 RESOLFT microscopy
18.3.3 SIM and SSIM
18.4 Superresolution Fluorescence Microscopy based on Single-Molecule Imaging
18.4.1 Basic principles of STORM/PALM
18.4.2 Fluorophore localization
18.4.3 Factors affecting the resolution in STORM/PALM imaging
18.4.4 Toward 3D superresolution imaging: Interferometric PALM
18.5 Breakthroughs and The Cutting Edge
18.5.1 Breakthrough: GFP as a marker for gene expression
18.5.2 At the cutting edge
Chapter 19: Raman Imaging and Microscopy
19.1 Raman Microscopic Imaging
19.1.1 Concepts of Raman imaging and microscopy
19.1.2 Confocal Raman imaging
19.1.3 Hyperspectral Raman imaging in two dimensions and three dimensions
19.1.4 Examples of Raman imaging in biology and medicine
19.1.5 Nonbiological applications of Raman imaging
19.2 Surface- and Tip-Enhanced (SERS and TERS) Raman Imaging
19.2.1 Biomedical imaging based on SERS
19.2.2 Raman imaging at the nanoscale: TERS imaging
19.3 SRL (STIMULATED RAMAN LOSS) Imaging
19.3.1 Concepts of SRL imaging
19.3.2 Selected applications of SRL imaging
19.4 CARS Imaging
19.4.1 Concepts of CARS imaging
19.4.2 Selected applications of CARS microscopic imaging
19.5 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
19.5.1 Breakthrough: Hyperspectral CARS imaging utilizing frequency combs
19.5.2 At the cutting edge: Superresolution Raman microscopy
Chapter 20: Diffuse Optical Imaging
20.1 Basic concepts
20.1.1 Scattering and absorption in biological tissue
20.1.2 What can we learn from diffuse optical imaging and spectroscopy?
20.1.3 Historical snapshots in the development of DOI
20.2 Basic implementation and experimental methodologies
20.2.1 Key equipment components for DOI
20.2.2 Experimental methodology 1: CW systems
20.2.3 Experimental methodology 2: FD systems
20.2.4 Experimental methodology 3: TD systems
20.2.5 Comparison between the three experimental methods
20.3 Modeling of diffuse scattering and image reconstruction
20.3.1 Modeling light transport through tissue
20.3.2 The forward problem
20.3.3 The reverse Problem—Principles of image reconstruction
20.4 Clinical applications of DOI and spectroscopy
20.4.1 DOT and spectroscopy of breast cancer
20.4.2 Diffuse optical topography and tomography of the brain
20.5 Nonclinical applications of DOI and spectroscopy
20.5.1 Single-point bulk measurements on fruits
20.5.2 Multipoint measurements on fruits yielding 2D images
20.5.3 MSI and HSI of fruits
20.6 Brief comparison with other medical imaging techniques
20.7 Breakthroughs and the cutting edge
20.7.1 Breakthrough: DOI of brain activities
20.7.2 At the cutting edge: Photoacoustic tomography–toward DOI with high spatial resolution
Chapter 21: Imaging Based on Absorption and Ion Detection Methods
21.1 Imaging Exploiting Absorption Spectroscopy: From the Macro- to the Nanoscale
21.1.1 Experimental implementation of imaging exploiting absorption spectroscopy
IR/NIR chemical imaging
Photoacoustic imaging
IR/NIR imaging at the nanoscale
21.1.2 IR/NIR chemical imaging
21.1.3 Detecting “hidden” structures using terahertz imaging
Terahertz imaging for weapon and explosive detection
Time-gated terahertz spectral imaging
21.1.4 IR imaging at the nanoscale
21.2 Imaging Exploiting Absorption Spectroscopy: Selected Applications in Biology and Medicine
21.2.1 Imaging based on FTIR methodologies
21.2.2 Imaging based on terahertz methodologies
Terahertz dynamic imaging of skin drug absorption
Terahertz imaging for early screening of diabetic foot syndrome
21.2.3 Imaging based on photoacoustic methodologies
21.3 Charged Particle Imaging: Basic Concepts and Implementation
21.3.1 Basic concepts of unimolecular and bimolecular collisions
Unimolecular collisions (photofragmentation dynamics)
Bimolecular reactive and nonreactive scattering
21.3.2 Newton sphere
21.3.3 Basic experimental setups
21.3.4 Methods for improving the resolution in ion imaging
Technique of velocity map imaging
Technique of “slice” imaging
21.3.5 Measuring time and position: Direct 3D ion imaging
21.3.6 Product-pair correlation by ion imaging
21.4 Charged Particle Imaging: Selected Examples for Ion and Electron Imaging
21.4.1 Photodissociation with oriented molecules
21.4.2 Imaging of the pair-correlated fragment channels in photodissociation
21.4.3 Nonreactive scattering: Energy transfer in bimolecular collisions
21.4.4 Reactive scattering: Bimolecular reactions
21.4.5 Product-pair correlation in bimolecular reactions
21.4.6 Imaging the motion of electrons across semiconductor heterojunctions
21.5 Breakthroughs and Cutting Edge
21.5.1 Breakthrough: First ion imaging experiment
21.5.2 At the cutting edge: PAM—toward label-free superresolution imaging
Bibliography
Index
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index