Laser Safety: Practical Knowledge and Solutions

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Editor biography
Ken Barat, CLSO
List of contributors
Patrick Bong
Karen Kelley
Tom MacMullin
Lisa Manglass
Randy Paura, P. Eng., CLSO
Michael Thomas
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Why are laser accidents still happening?
1.1 Bad behavior and no negative consequences
1.2 Possible future: virtual reality
1.3 On the job training/mentoring (a topic you will find mentioned several times in this text, but learning is through repetition)
1.4 Recommendation
1.5 Trainer, what are your responsibilities?
1.6 Trainee, what are your responsibilities?
1.7 What makes good coaching?
1.8 Training review
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Classification: a means of hazard communication
2.1 Introduction
2.2 KEY ITEM about laser hazard classification and why people care
2.3 Terms to know
2.4 Explanation of individual laser classes
2.5 System classification
2.5.1 Class 1—CDRH
Class 1—ANSI
IEC
Class 1 laser product
CDRH
2.5.2 Class 1M
Class 1M ANSI
IEC
Class 1M laser product
2.5.3 IEC Class 1C
2.5.4 Class 2—CDRH
Class 2 ANSI
Class 2 IEC
2.5.5 Class 2M
IEC Class 2M laser product
2.5.6 Class 3R—CDRH
Class 3R—IEC
2.5.7 Class 3R
Class 3B
IEC
2.5.8 Class 4 CDRH
2.6 Classification changes that are being discussed
2.6.1 Class 5
2.6.2 Classification based on control measures—laser control groups
2.7 Training slides on classification
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Biological effects: something you should know about
3.1 Confession time
3.2 Let’s be truthful
3.3 Oh! I forgot about that
3.4 What is all the concern over?
3.5 All aboard—train station analogy
3.6 Injury below damage threshold
3.7 Indoor problems below the MPE do exist
3.8 Equipment damage
3.9 So where do wavelengths go?
3.9.1 UV
3.9.2 Visible
3.9.3 Near-infrared 700 nm–1400 nm
3.9.4 Mid- and far-IR
3.10 How is damage caused?
3.11 The anatomy of your eye
3.11.1 The cornea
3.11.2 The aqueous chambers
3.11.3 The lens
3.11.4 The retina
3.11.5 The iris/pupil
3.12 800 nm trap
3.12.1 Damage mechanisms by wavelength
3.13 Things to know
3.13.1 Aversion response
3.13.2 Near IR effects
3.13.3 Injuries outside the fovea
3.13.4 Vitreal hemorrhages
3.13.5 Blood in the eye, toxic effects
3.13.6 Beam size does have an effect
3.13.7 Damn! corneal injury hurts
3.14 Physiological damage mechanisms
3.15 Quick summary
3.16 Skin
3.17 Conclusion
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Laser safety terms: the language LSOs speak
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Glossary of terms
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Risk assessment for lasers
5.1 Purpose
5.2 Applicability
5.3 Preface
5.4 Background
5.5 What is a risk assessment?
5.6 Fundamental concepts
5.7 Terms and definitions
5.8 Likelihood of occurrence (probability)
5.9 Consequence (severity)
5.10 Why is risk assessment important?
5.11 Where are risk assessments noted/required by regulations?
5.12 What is the goal of risk assessment?
5.13 What is acceptable risk?
5.14 Note on structure of the risk assessment worksheets
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Laser protective eyewear, looking sharp in the laser lab
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Eyewear labeling
6.2.1 What does > or + mean?
6.3 Can eyewear break down/fail?
6.4 Ultrafast pulses and laser eyewear
At a glance
Details
6.5 Angle of exposure
6.6 Attacked from behind
6.7 Unusual eyewear event #1
What to take away from this
6.8 Unusual eyewear event #2
6.9 Absorptive versus reflective filter
6.10 Impact resistance
6.11 Manufacturer protection curves and non-labelled wavelengths
6.12 What to do if labeling wears off?
6.13 Prescription eyewear
6.14 Alignment eyewear
6.15 European labeling
Protection level
EN code
6.16 Storage of eyewear
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Regulations, you mean there are rules?
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Standards and regulations
7.3 Export control
7.3.1 University guidance examples
7.3.2 Example #2
7.4 Outdoor use
7.4.1 Non-MPE effects
7.5 What if you manufacture lasers?
7.5.1 Outside the United States, meaning the rest of the world
7.6 Laser users
7.6.1 Outside the United States
7.6.2 Within the United States
7.7 US States that have a laser regulatory programs
7.8 ANSI Z136
7.8.1 Special note overlooked by many
7.9 ANSI control measures
7.10 Concluding thoughts
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Safety culture and laser program management
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Defining safety culture
8.3 Safety program maturity
8.4 Relationships as a key element in a laser safety program
8.5 Risk assessments and standard operating procedures
8.6 Training for users and laser safety personnel
8.7 Change management
8.8 Continuous improvement
8.9 Incident investigation
8.9.1 Root cause analysis
8.9.2 Team-based investigations
8.10 Conclusion
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Performance-based learning in laser safety training
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Alignment demonstration
More examples
9.3 Examples that apply PBL to laser safety training
9.3.1 Eyewear selection
9.3.2 Service of Class 1 product
9.3.3 Control area challenge
9.3.4 Accident review
9.3.5 Lab design
9.4 Value of these PBL exercises
9.5 Alignment class material
The results
9.6 Conclusion
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Training, breaking through to users
10.1 Training
10.2 Institutional—required by regulations and standards
10.3 On the job training—site/equipment specific
10.4 Refresher training
10.5 Service staff challenges
10.6 Mobile app training, an effective training delivery approach
10.7 Microlearning?
10.8 Game learning
10.9 Just-in-time learning, safe plan of action
10.10 On the job training—OJT or is it just mentoring?
10.10.1 How long should it take?
10.10.2 How should OJT be performed?
10.10.3 What needs to be covered?
10.10.4 Who should the mentor be?
10.10.5 Do as I say not what I do
10.10.6 Does OJT need to be documented?
10.10.7 Is follow-up needed?
10.11 More on refresher training
10.11.1 Why refresher training?
10.11.2 How do existing standards address the idea of refresher training?
10.12 Effective refresher training what are one’s options?
10.12.1 Frequency is an important factor
10.12.2 Refresher conclusion
10.13 Conclusion
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Mentoring, do what I say and follow my lead
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Goal of mentoring
11.3 The 10 core laser safety principals
11.4 How to be a good mentor or trainer
11.5 For those that like it short and simple
11.6 A hard lesson for those giving OJT/mentoring
11.6.1 Hold direct answers back
11.7 What about mistakes?
11.8 Commonly overlooked topics
11.9 Safety culture
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Can everyone understand your work? Considering visual disabilities when designing graphics and presentations
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Disability and ethics
12.1.2 Types of visual disabilities
12.1.3 Why do we care?
12.2 Color deficient vision
12.2.1 Color vision
12.2.2 Types of deficient color vision
12.2.3 Other visual disabilities
12.3 General strategies for accommodating visual impairments
12.3.1 Color choice
12.3.2 Textures and patterns
12.4 Additional considerations
12.4.1 Presentations
12.4.2 Publications
12.4.3 Accessibility on the Web
12.4.4 Safety and visual impairment
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 Ergonomics in a laser lab, you must be joking
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Lab ergonomics, reaching across the table
13.3 Typical work activities and posture
13.3.1 Do you have back pain?
13.4 Getting higher
13.5 Standing around
13.6 Weight/lifting
13.7 Vertical breadboard
13.8 Work hours
13.9 Concluding thoughts
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Laser safety tools: making your life better for less
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Carbon resin lightweight breadboards
14.3 Vertical breadboards
14.4 Black AL foil
14.5 Diffuse reflection material
14.6 Indirect laser beam viewing tools
14.6.1 Laminated IR viewing cards
14.6.2 IR viewers
14.6.3 Hands-free IR viewer
14.6.4 CCD/webcam
14.7 Beam blocks
14.7.1 Unsecured beam blocks
14.7.2 Home-made beam blocks
14.8 Beam dump
14.9 Polycarbonate sheets
14.10 Plastic laser enclosures
14.11 Metal laser enclosures, table perimeter guards
14.12 Laser curtains
14.13 Laser protective eyewear
14.14 Piping insulation as shelf/head guard
14.15 Are there more products out there?
CH015.pdf
Chapter 15 Evaluation and design of laser barriers
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Laser barrier definition
15.3 Laser barriers–curtain style
15.3.1 Overview—laser barrier curtains
15.3.2 Laser barrier curtain materials
15.4 Barrier selection
15.5 Laser barrier curtain design
15.6 Laser barriers—partition style
Overview—laser barrier partitions
15.7 Laser barrier partition design
15.8 Laser barriers for optical tables
15.9 Laser barriers for windows
15.10 Laser barriers at a doorway
15.11 Final thoughts
CH016.pdf
Chapter 16 US and European test methodology for laser protective eyewear
16.1 Introduction
16.2 ANSI and the Z 136.7 test specification
16.2.1 Typical laser test setup
16.2.2 Laser saturation
16.3 DIN and the EN 207 test specification
16.3.1 Wavelength range considerations
16.3.2 Pulse width considerations
16.3.3 Laser parameters used in DIN EN 207
16.4 Performance of EN 207 specification
16.4.1 Significance of the read across
16.5 Conclusion
CH017.pdf
Chapter 17 Elements and considerations in designing and/or selecting a room interlock system
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Hazard assessment
17.3 Minimal system for attended operation
17.4 Interlocks for unattended operation
17.5 Reach back cascade
17.6 Design considerations for interlock systems
CH018.pdf
Chapter 18 Paperwork considerations (not documented not done)
18.1 Introduction
18.2 ISO 9001, just a quick word
18.3 Record retention
18.4 Training records
18.5 Standard operating procedures
18.6 Audit records
18.7 Laser safety chapter
18.8 Accuracy of warning and contact signs and postings
18.9 Alignment eyewear approval
18.10 Temporary authorization/temporary work authorization
18.11 Interlock checks
18.12 Conclusion
CH019.pdf
Chapter 19 Explaining engineering control measures found in standards
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Engineering controls
19.2.1 Protective housing
19.2.2 Interlocks on removable PH
19.2.3 Service access panel
19.2.4 Key control
19.2.5 Collecting optics
19.2.6 Area warning device
19.2.7 Laser radiation emission warning (usually visible)
19.2.8 Emergency conditions
19.2.9 Class 4 entryway controls
19.2.10 Non-defeatable approach
19.2.11 Defeatable controls
19.2.12 Administrative control
19.3 Conclusion
CH020.pdf
Chapter 20 Dye laser, hazards and good practice for safe use
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Dyes and solutions
20.3 Preparation for dye work
20.4 Supervisor and staff responsibilities
20.4.1 Equipment, concerns
20.5 Real work rules
20.5.1 Protect yourself
20.6 If there is a spill
20.7 More on dyes
20.8 Laser dye/solvent control classes
CH021.pdf
Chapter 21 Laser disposal, end of life cycle thoughts, hospice for your laser
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Why should you care?
21.3 E-waste
21.4 What are my responsibilities?
21.5 Questions for the user
21.6 User responsibilities
21.7 Questions for hazardous waste transporter or handler
21.8 Questions for surplus receiver
21.9 General approaches to laser disposal
21.10 Power supplies
21.11 Optics
21.12 Dye lasers
21.13 Excimer lasers
21.14 Diode/semiconductor lasers
21.15 Diode/telecommunications laser systems
CH022.pdf
Chapter 22 How are you dealing with these topics?
22.1 Chapter note
22.2 20 smart work practices—all are important, number sequence does not relate to safety or order of importance
22.3 Ventilation
22.4 Access control
22.5 Housekeeping/storage
22.6 Layout of optics
22.7 Periscope
22.8 Cable and hoses
22.9 Optics and cable identification
22.10 Pump diffuse scatter
22.11 Signage on entryway door