Laser Physics and Applications. Fundamentals

Front-matter
ISBN 9783540443797
Editors, Authors
Preface
Contents
1 Fundamentals of light-matter interaction
1.1 Fundamentals of the semiclassical laser theory
1.1.1 The laser oscillator
1.1.2 The electromagnetic field
1.1.2.1 Maxwell's equations
1.1.2.2 Homogeneous, isotropic, linear dielectrics
1.1.2.2.1 The plane wave
1.1.2.2.2 The spherical wave
1.1.2.2.3 The slowly varying envelope SVE approximation
1.1.2.2.4 The SVE-approximation for diffraction
1.1.2.3 Propagation in doped media
1.1.3 Interaction with two-level systems
1.1.3.1 The two-level system
1.1.3.2 The dipole approximation
1.1.3.2.1 Inversion density and polarization
1.1.3.2.2 The interaction with a monochromatic field
1.1.3.3 The Maxwell-Bloch equations
1.1.3.3.1 Decay time T1 of the upper level energy relaxation
1.1.3.3.1.1 Spontaneous emission
1.1.3.3.1.2 Interaction with the host material
1.1.3.3.1.3 Pumping process
1.1.3.3.2 Decay time T2 of the polarization entropy relaxation
1.1.4 Steady-state solutions
1.1.4.1 Inversion density and polarization
1.1.4.2 Small-signal solutions
1.1.4.3 Strong-signal solutions
1.1.5 Adiabatic equations
1.1.5.1 Rate equations
1.1.5.2 Thermodynamic considerations
1.1.5.3 Pumping schemes and complete rate equations
1.1.5.3.1 The three-level system
1.1.5.3.2 The four-level system
1.1.5.4 Adiabatic pulse amplification
1.1.5.5 Rate equations for steady-state laser oscillators
1.1.6 Line shape and line broadening
1.1.6.1 Normalized shape functions
1.1.6.1.1 Lorentzian line shape
1.1.6.1.2 Gaussian line shape
1.1.6.1.3 Normalization of line shapes
1.1.6.2 Mechanisms of line broadening
1.1.6.2.1 Spontaneous emission
1.1.6.2.2 Doppler broadening
1.1.6.2.3 Collision or pressure broadening
1.1.6.2.4 Saturation broadening
1.1.6.3 Types of broadening
1.1.6.3.1 Homogeneous broadening
1.1.6.3.2 Inhomogeneous broadening
1.1.6.4 Time constants
1.1.7 Coherent interaction
1.1.7.1 The Feynman representation of interaction
1.1.7.2 Constant local electric field
1.1.7.3 Propagation of resonant coherent pulses
1.1.7.3.1 Steady-state propagation of n pi-pulses
1.1.7.3.1.1 2 pi-pulse in a loss-free medium
1.1.7.3.1.2 pi-pulse in an amplifying medium
1.1.7.3.2 Superradiance
1.1.8 Notations
References for 1.1
2 Radiometry
2.1 Definition and measurement of radiometric quantities
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Definition of radiometric quantities
2.1.3 Radiometric standards
2.1.3.1 Primary standards
2.1.3.2 Secondary standards
2.1.4 Outlook - State of the art and trends
References for 2.1
2.2 Beam characterization
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 The Wigner distribution
2.2.3 The second-order moments of the Wigner distribution
2.2.4 The second-order moments and related physical properties
2.2.4.1 Near field
2.2.4.2 Far field
2.2.4.3 Phase paraboloid and twist
2.2.4.4 Invariants
2.2.4.5 Propagation of beam widths and beam propagation ratios
2.2.5 Beam classification
2.2.5.1 Stigmatic beams
2.2.5.2 Simple astigmatic beams
2.2.5.3 General astigmatic beams
2.2.5.4 Pseudo-symmetric beams
2.2.5.5 Intrinsic astigmatism and beam conversion
2.2.6 Measurement procedures
2.2.7 Beam positional stability
2.2.7.1 Absolute fluctuations
2.2.7.2 Relative fluctuations
2.2.7.3 Effective long-term beam widths
References for 2.2
3 Linear optics
3.1 Linear optics
3.1.1 Wave equations
3.1.2 Polarization
3.1.3 Solutions of the wave equation in free space
3.1.3.1 Wave equation
3.1.3.1.1 Monochromatic plane wave
3.1.3.1.2 Cylindrical vector wave
3.1.3.1.3 Spherical vector wave
3.1.3.2 Helmholtz equation
3.1.3.2.1 Plane wave
3.1.3.2.2 Cylindrical wave
3.1.3.2.3 Spherical wave
3.1.3.2.4 Diffraction-free beams
3.1.3.2.4.1 Diffraction-free Bessel beams
3.1.3.2.4.2 Real Bessel beams
3.1.3.2.4.3 Vectorial Bessel beams
3.1.3.3 Solutions of the slowly varying envelope equation
3.1.3.3.1 Gauss-Hermite beams rectangular symmetry
3.1.3.3.2 Gauss-Laguerre beams circular symmetry
3.1.3.3.3 Cross-sectional shapes of the Gaussian modes
3.1.4 Diffraction
3.1.4.1 Vector theory of diffraction
3.1.4.2 Scalar diffraction theory
3.1.4.3 Time-dependent diffraction theory
3.1.4.4 Fraunhofer diffraction patterns
3.1.4.4.1 Rectangular aperture with dimensions 2a x 2b
3.1.4.4.2 Circular aperture with radius a
3.1.4.4.2.1 Applications
3.1.4.4.3 Gratings
3.1.4.5 Fresnel's diffraction figures
3.1.4.5.1 Fresnel's diffraction on a slit
3.1.4.5.2 Fresnel's diffraction through lens systems paraxial diffraction
3.1.4.6 Fourier optics and diffractive optics
3.1.5 Optical materials
3.1.5.1 Dielectric media
3.1.5.2 Optical glasses
3.1.5.3 Dispersion characteristics for short-pulse propagation
3.1.5.4 Optics of metals and semiconductors
3.1.5.5 Fresnel's formulae
3.1.5.6 Special cases of refraction
3.1.5.6.1 Two dielectric isotropic homogeneous media hat{n} and hat{n}' are real
3.1.5.6.2 Variation of the angle of incidence
3.1.5.6.2.1 External reflection n < n'
3.1.5.6.2.2 Internal reflection n n'
3.1.5.6.3 Reflection at media with complex refractive index Case hat{n} = 1 and hat{n}' = n' + i k'
3.1.5.7 Crystal optics
3.1.5.7.1 Classification
3.1.5.7.2 Birefringence example: uniaxial crystals
3.1.5.8 Photonic crystals
3.1.5.9 Negative-refractive-index materials
3.1.5.10 References to data of linear optics
3.1.6 Geometrical optics
3.1.6.1 Gaussian imaging paraxial range
3.1.6.1.1 Single spherical interface
3.1.6.1.2 Imaging with a thick lens
3.1.6.2 Gaussian matrix ABCD-matrix, ray-transfer matrix formalism for paraxial optics
3.1.6.2.1 Simple interfaces and optical elements with rotational symmetry
3.1.6.2.2 Non-symmetrical optical systems
3.1.6.2.3 Properties of a system
3.1.6.2.4 General parabolic systems without rotational symmetry
3.1.6.2.5 General astigmatic system
3.1.6.2.6 Symplectic optical system
3.1.6.2.7 Misalignments
3.1.6.3 Lens aberrations
3.1.7 Beam propagation in optical systems
3.1.7.1 Beam classification
3.1.7.2 Gaussian beam: complex q-parameter and its ABCD-transformation
3.1.7.2.1 Stigmatic and simple astigmatic beams
3.1.7.2.1.1 Fundamental Mode
3.1.7.2.1.2 Higher-order Hermite-Gaussian beams in simple astigmatic beams
3.1.7.2.2 General astigmatic beam
3.1.7.3 Waist transformation
3.1.7.3.1 General system fundamental mode
3.1.7.3.2 Thin lens fundamental mode
3.1.7.4 Collins integral
3.1.7.4.1 Two-dimensional propagation
3.1.7.4.2 Three-dimensional propagation
3.1.7.5 Gaussian beams in optical systems with stops, aberrations, and waveguide coupling
3.1.7.5.1 Field distributions in the waist region of Gaussian beams including stops and wave aberrations by optical system
3.1.7.5.2 Mode matching for beam coupling into waveguides
3.1.7.5.3 Free-space coupling of Gaussian modes
3.1.7.5.4 Laser fiber coupling
References for 3.1
4 Nonlinear optics
4.1 Frequency conversion in crystals
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.1.1 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1.1.1.1 Symbols
4.1.1.1.2 Abbreviations
4.1.1.1.3 Crystals
4.1.1.2 Historical layout
4.1.2 Fundamentals
4.1.2.1 Three-wave interactions
4.1.2.2 Uniaxial crystals
4.1.2.3 Biaxial crystals
4.1.2.4 Effective nonlinearity
4.1.2.5 Frequency conversion efficiency
4.1.2.5.1 General approach
4.1.2.5.2 Plane-wave fixed-field approximation
4.1.2.5.3 SHG in "nonlinear regime" fundamental wave depletion
4.1.3 Selection of data
4.1.4 Harmonic generation second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
4.1.5 Sum frequency generation
4.1.6 Difference frequency generation
4.1.7 Optical parametric oscillation
4.1.8 Picosecond continuum generation
References for 4.1
4.2 Frequency conversion in gases and liquids
4.2.1 Fundamentals of nonlinear optics in gases and liquids
4.2.1.1 Linear and nonlinear susceptibilities
4.2.1.2 Third-order nonlinear susceptibilities
4.2.1.3 Fundamental equations of nonlinear optics
4.2.1.4 Small-signal limit
4.2.1.5 Phase-matching condition
4.2.2 Frequency conversion in gases
4.2.2.1 Metal-vapor inert gas mixtures
4.2.2.2 Mixtures of different metal vapors
4.2.2.3 Mixtures of gaseous media
References for 4.2
4.3 Stimulated scattering
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.1.1 Spontaneous scattering processes
4.3.1.2 Relationship between stimulated Stokes scattering and spontaneous scattering
4.3.2 General properties of stimulated scattering
4.3.2.1 Exponential gain by stimulated Stokes scattering
4.3.2.2 Experimental observation
4.3.2.2.1 Generator setup
4.3.2.2.2 Oscillator setup
4.3.2.2.3 Stimulated amplification setup
4.3.2.3 Four-wave interactions
4.3.2.3.1 Third-order nonlinear susceptibility
4.3.2.3.2 Stokes-anti-Stokes coupling
4.3.2.3.3 Higher-order Stokes and anti-Stokes emission
4.3.2.4 Transient stimulated scattering
4.3.3 Individual scattering processes
4.3.3.1 Stimulated Raman scattering SRS
4.3.3.2 Stimulated Brillouin scattering SBS and stimulated thermal Brillouin scattering STBS
4.3.3.3 Stimulated Rayleigh scattering processes, SRLS, STRS, and SRWS
References for 4.3
4.4 Phase conjugation
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Basic mathematical description
4.4.3 Phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing
4.4.4 Self-pumped phase conjugation
4.4.5 Applications of SBS phase conjugation
4.4.6 Photorefraction
References for 4.4
Subject Index of LB VIII/1A1