This book offers a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the area of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), focusing on its application to biological, forensic and materials sciences. LIBS, which was previously mainly used by physicists, chemists and in the industry, has now become a very useful tool with great potential in these other fields as well. LIBS has a unique set of characteristics including minimal destructiveness, remote sensing capabilities, potential portability, extremely high information content, trace analytical sensitivity and high throughput. With its content divided into two main parts, this book provides not only an introduction to the analytical capabilities and methodology, but also an overview of the results of recent applications in the above fields. The application-oriented, multidisciplinary approach of this work is also reflected in the diversity of the expert contributors.
Given its breadth, this book will appeal to students, researchers and professionals interested in solving analytical/diagnostic/material characterization tasks with the application of LIBS.
Author(s): Gábor Galbács (editor)
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 311
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Part I: Fundamentals
1: Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
1.1 Principle of Operation
1.2 Analytical Performance
1.3 Instrumentational Details and Variants
1.3.1 Laser Sources
1.3.2 Optics
1.3.3 Sample Presentation
1.3.4 Spectrometer
1.3.5 Synchronization
1.3.6 Data Processing
1.4 Trending Applications and Outlook
References
2: Quantitative Analysis
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Description of the Main Matrix Effects in LIBS
2.3 Traditional Calibration Strategies Applied to LIBS
2.3.1 Matrix-Matching Calibration (MMC)
2.3.2 Internal Standardization
2.3.3 Standard Addition
2.4 Nontraditional Calibration Strategies
2.4.1 Multi-Energy Calibration
2.4.2 One-Point and Multi-Line Calibration
2.5 Single-Sample Calibration
2.5.1 Slope Ratio Calibration and Two-Point Calibration Transfer
2.5.2 Inverse Calibration
2.5.3 Fluence Calibration
2.6 Multivariate Calibration
2.6.1 Multiple Linear Regression
2.6.2 Principal Component Regression
2.6.3 Partial Least Squares
2.6.4 Artificial Neural Networks
2.6.5 Calibration Based on Linear Correlation
2.6.6 Data Fusion
2.6.7 Other Multivariate Approaches
2.7 Hyperspectral Images
2.8 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
3: Calibration-Free Quantitative Analysis
3.1 Radiative Transfer Equation
3.2 CF LIBS by the Boltzmann Plot Method
3.2.1 The Boltzmann Plot Equation
3.2.2 Number Density of Species
3.2.3 CF LIBS by Boltzmann Plot Method
3.2.4 CF LIBS by Saha-Boltzmann Plot Method
3.2.5 Correction for Self-Absorption
3.2.6 Factors Affecting the Accuracy of CF LIBS
3.2.6.1 Line Overlap and Deconvolution
3.2.6.2 Noise
3.2.6.3 Spectral Resolution and Line Fitting
3.2.6.4 Electron Density
3.2.6.5 Plasma Non-uniformity
3.2.7 Performance of CF LIBS
3.2.7.1 Sources of Errors in BP (SBP) Method
3.3 Monte Carlo LIBS
3.3.1 Setting the Problem
3.3.2 Cost Function
3.3.3 Monte Carlo Algorithm
3.3.4 Performance of MC LIBS
3.4 Other Calibration-Free Methods
3.4.1 Spectrum-Matching Algorithms
3.4.2 Single-Standard Calibration Algorithms
3.4.2.1 Inverse CF LIBS
3.4.2.2 One-Point Calibration LIBS
3.4.2.3 C-Sigma Technique
3.4.2.4 Comparison of Single-Standard Techniques
3.5 Summary
References
4: State-of-the-Art Analytical Performance
4.1 Signal Enhancement (Limits of Detection)
4.1.1 Plasma Conditioning by Means Other than Lasers
4.1.1.1 Ambient Gas
4.1.1.2 Sample Heating
4.1.1.3 Spatial Confinement
4.1.1.4 Magnetic Field
4.1.1.5 Microwave Irradiation
4.1.1.6 Electrical Discharge Assistance
4.1.1.7 Utilization of Nanoparticles
4.1.2 Plasma Conditioning by Additional Laser Pulses
4.1.2.1 Double-Pulse and Multi-Pulse LIBS
4.1.2.2 Resonance-Enhanced LIBS
4.1.2.3 LIBS-LIF
4.1.3 Phase Conversion Approaches
4.1.4 Combination of Methods: Top Performance
4.2 Dynamic Range
4.3 Signal Repeatability and Correction
4.3.1 Internal Standardization
4.3.2 Laser Pulse Energy
4.3.3 Total Emission
4.3.4 Continuum Radiation
4.3.5 Acoustic Wave
4.3.6 Plasma Parameters
4.4 Spatial Resolution
4.5 Measurement Distance
References
Part II: Applications
5: Preclinical Evaluation of Nanoparticle Behavior in Biological Tissues
5.1 Experimental Set-up
5.2 Sample Preparation and Endogenous Element Detection
5.3 Nanoparticle Tracking
5.4 Conclusions
References
6: Imaging of Biological Tissues
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Laser Ablation of Tissues
6.2.1 Laser Parameters Involved in the Ablation of Tissues
6.2.2 Sample Preparation
6.2.3 From the Concept to 3D Bioimaging
6.3 Data Processing
6.3.1 From Qualitative to Quantitative Imaging
6.3.2 Correlative Imaging
6.3.3 Multivariate Data Analysis for Imaging Purposes
6.4 Applications
6.4.1 Environmental and Plant Tissue Analysis
6.4.2 Bioimaging of Endogenous Elements
6.4.3 Bioimaging of Exogenous Elements
6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
7: Qualitative Classification of Biological Materials
7.1 Preliminary Considerations
7.2 Molecular Emission Studies
7.3 Chemometric Approaches Used for the Discrimination of Biosamples
7.4 Microorganisms
7.5 Viruses
7.6 Plants and Related Materials
7.7 Animal and Human Tissues
7.8 Conclusion
References
8: Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (NELIBS) on Biological Samples
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Experimental
8.3 NELIBS on Biological Fluids
8.4 NELIBS on Plant Tissues
8.5 NELIBS of Amyloid Fibrils
8.6 NELIBS for the Sensing of NP-Protein Corona
8.7 Perspective
References
9: Analysis of Forensic Trace Evidence
9.1 Introduction
9.2 LIBS Analysis of Various Types of Forensic Evidence
9.2.1 Glass
9.2.2 Paint
9.2.3 Paper and Ink
9.2.4 Adhesive Tapes
9.2.5 Fingerprints
9.2.6 Gunshot Residue and Ammunition
9.2.7 Soils
9.3 Conclusions
References
10: Advanced Polymer Characterization
10.1 Introduction
10.2 LIBS for Polymer Discrimination/Classification
10.2.1 Linear Classifiers
10.2.2 Kernel Support Vector Machines
10.2.3 Artificial Neural Networks
10.2.4 Random Forests
10.2.5 K-Nearest Neighbors and Soft-Independent Modeling Class Analogy
10.3 LIBS for Quantitative Metal Analysis in Polymers
10.3.1 Univariate Approaches
10.3.2 Multivariate Approaches
10.4 Innovative Characterization of Polymers and Organic Materials
10.4.1 Imaging Applications
10.4.2 Degradation Studies
10.4.3 Investigating the Molecular Structure of Organic Compounds
10.5 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
11: Materials Characterization by Laser-Induced Plasma Acoustics and Spectroscopy
11.1 Laser-Induced Acoustics: Sparking the Interest
11.2 Fundamentals of the Laser-Produced Acoustic Wave
11.2.1 Inception and Evolution of the Wave: From Shockwave to Acoustic Wave
11.2.2 Parameters Conditioning the Collected Acoustic Wave
11.2.2.1 Excitation Settings
11.2.2.1.1 Pulse Energy
11.2.2.1.2 Wavelength
11.2.2.1.3 Pulse Duration
11.2.2.1.4 Laser-Matter Interaction
11.2.2.1.5 Sample Surroundings
11.3 Capturing Laser-Produced Acoustics
11.4 Acoustic Data Processing
11.5 Uses of Laser-Produced Acoustic Waves
11.5.1 Optical Emission Signal Normalization
11.5.2 Characterization of Focal Position
11.5.3 Surface Treatment
11.5.4 Material Hardness
11.5.5 Ablated Volume
11.5.6 Detection and Characterization of Materials
11.5.7 LIBS and Acoustics Data Fusion
References
