All matter, including galaxy clusters, galaxies, and their constituents follow orbits and flows driven by the net attraction of near and distant masses. The book presents the development of studies of peculiar motions along with discoveries in large-scale structure, the cosmic microwave background, baryonic oscillations, gravity waves, and their relation to current work on gravitation and dark matter. The results of peculiar motion measurements in the late 20th century are described as they were used to search for the dipole of the galaxy motions, a determination of cosmic density, and to compare with the cosmic microwave dipole, which led to the discovery of galactic flows and the Great Attractor. Newer detailed measurements from surveys in the 21st century have helped resolve the nature of these structures. Some prospects for future investigations are discussed.
Author(s): Gary A. Wegner
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 378
City: Singapore
Contents
Acknowledgements
Foreword
List of Figures
List of Tables
1. Historical Summary
1.1. Ancient Astronomy
1.2. The Emergence of Modern Ideas
1.3. Early Developments in Space Motions
1.4. Peculiar Motions of Galaxies
2. The Beginnings of Modern Astrophysics
2.1. The Development of Photography
2.2. Development of Astronomical Spectroscopy
2.3. Development of Electronic Detectors
2.4. Development of the CCD
2.5. Construction of Multi-object Spectrographs
2.6. Growth of the Telescopes
2.7. Space Telescopes
2.8. Development of Radio Astronomy
3. Cosmological N-body Simulations
4. Galaxy Evolution and Semi-analytic Models
4.1. Galaxy Evolution Models
4.2. More Complex Galaxy Models
4.3. Semi-analytic Models
4.4. Colour and Age Models
4.5. Dynamical Analyses of Elliptical Galaxies
5. Early Developments on Large-Scale Structure
5.1. The Correlation Function
5.2. Redshift Surveys
5.3. Filament Structures
5.4. Void Structures
5.5. The Lyman α Forest
5.6. Photometric Redshifts
6. Unanswered Questions About Gravity
6.1. Early Empirical Measurements of Gravity
6.2. Measurements of the Newtonian Gravitational Constant
6.3. The Principle of Equivalence
6.4. Tests of the Inverse Square Law
6.5. Astronomical Tests of GR
6.5. Astronomical Tests of GR
6.6. Laboratory Experiments for Dark Matter
6.7. Modified Gravity Theories
6.7.1. Modified Newtonian dynamics
6.7.2. f(R) modified gravity theories
6.7.3. Gravitational interactions involving the Higgs boson
7. Magnitude Scale, Photometry, and Reddening
7.1. The Magnitude Scale and Photometry
7.2. Photometric Systems
7.3. Galactic Reddening
7.4. Internal Extinction in Galaxies
8. Distance Determinations and Systematic Corrections
8.1. Basic Types of Distance Determination
8.2. Cosmological Dimming
8.3. The K-term
8.4. Evolutionary Effects
8.5. Seeing and Resolution Effects
8.6. Aperture Correction
8.7. Environmental Effects
8.7.1. Early-type (elliptical) galaxies
8.7.2. Tully–Fisher relation
9. The Malmquist and Other Biases
9.1. Order-of-Magnitude Limitations
9.2. Malmquist and Malmquist-Like Bias
9.2.1. Homogeneous Malmquist correction
9.2.2. Malmquist biases for scaling relations
9.2.3. Dn–σ homogeneous correction
9.2.4. Corrections to the TF relation
9.2.5. Non-homogeneous Malmquist corrections
9.3. Sample Selection Functions
9.4. Correction for Fore- and Background Sources
9.5. Cosmic Variance
10. The Extragalactic Distance Ladder
10.1. Primary Distance Indicators
10.1.1. Variable stars and Cepheid variables as distance indicators
10.1.1.1. The different kinds of variable stars
10.1.1.2. Discovery of the period–luminosity relation
10.1.2. Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) method
10.2. Secondary Distance Indicators
10.2.1. Supernovae as distance indicators
10.2.1.1. Type Ia supernovae
10.2.1.2. Type II supernovae
10.3. The Surface Brightness Fluctuation (SBF) Method
11. Scaling Relations as Distance Indicators
11.1. Spiral Galaxies and the Tully–Fisher (TF) Relation
11.1.1. Measurement of the Tully–Fisher (TF) relation
11.1.2. Origin of the horns
11.1.3. The baryonic Tully–Fisher relation
11.2. Scaling Relations for Elliptical or Early-Type Galaxies
11.2.1. Velocity dispersion measurement
11.2.2. Early-type surface brightness measurements
11.2.3. Boxy and disky ellipticals
11.2.4. The Faber–Jackson relation
11.2.4.1. The Dn–σ relation
11.2.5. The fundamental plane
12. Nearby Peculiar Velocities
12.1. Definition of Peculiar Velocities
12.2. The Size of Peculiar Velocities
12.3. Motions of the Local Group and the Local Supercluster
12.4. Motions of Satellites of the Milky Way
12.5. Motions in the Local Group
12.6. The Virgo Cluster and Supergalactic Plane
13. Measurements and Analysis Methods of Distant Peculiar Velocities
13.1. Gravitational Instability
13.2. Bulk Flows and Dipoles
13.3. Measurement of the Apex Direction and Velocity from Peculiar Motions
13.3.1. χ2 minimization
13.3.2. Maximum likelihood estimator (MLE)
13.3.3. Minimum variance method (MV)
13.4. IRAS All-Sky Galaxy Catalogue Measurements
13.5. The POTENT Method for Density Reconstruction
13.6. Wiener Filter Method
13.7. VELMOD Method
13.8. Additional Methods to Reconstruct Initial Conditions
13.8.1. MAK method
13.8.2. BBGKY analysis
13.8.3. Fisher matrix
13.9. Redshift Space Distortions (RSD)
13.10. The Integrated Sachs–Wolfe (ISW) Effect
14. The Great Attractor and Peculiar Velocity Studies
14.1. The Great Attractor and the Seven Samurai Study
14.2. Peculiar Motions Beyond the GA
14.3. The Shapley Cloud and the Norma Cluster
14.4. The Mark III Catalogue
14.5. Lauer & Postman Abell Cluster Inertial Frame (ACIF) Measurement
14.6. The Field Spirals in I-band (SFI) Project
14.7. The Cluster I-Band (SCI, SCII, and SFI++) Projects
14.8. Streaming Motions of Abell Clusters (SMAC)
14.9. The Far-Elliptical (EFAR) Project
14.10. Redshift-Distance Survey of Nearby Early-Type Galaxies (ENEAR)
14.11. The Sunyaev–Zel’dovich-Effect
14.11.1. The thermal SZ-effect
14.11.2. The kinetic SZ-effect
14.12. Summary of the Flows and their Relation with ΛCDM from Early Measurements
15. Revolution by the CMB Studies
15.1. Discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background
15.2. CMB Polarization
15.3. CMB Anomalies
15.4. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBNS) of the Light Elements
16. Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs)
17. Gravitational Lensing
17.1. Further Applications of Gravitational Lensing
18. Motions of Binary Galaxy Clusters
18.1. Galaxy Clusters in General
18.1.1. Spherical infall model and galaxy cluster evolution
18.1.2. Relaxation processes
18.1.2.1. NFW and other profiles
18.2. Colliding Galaxy Clusters
18.2.1. Gas ‘sloshing’
18.3. Star Formation in Mergers
18.3.1. Limits on self-interacting dark matter
18.4. Infall Peculiar Velocities
18.5. Gravitational Redshifts of Galaxy Clusters
19. Gravitational Radiation
19.1. Detection of Gravitational Waves
19.2. Gravitational Waves Detected in Binary and Mergers
19.3. Numerical Models
19.4. Some Observed Properties of Mergers
19.5. Standard Sirens
19.6. Heavy Element Production in BH and Neutron Star Mergers
20. 21st Century Peculiar Motions Studies
20.1. Larger Vpec Databases
20.2. Recent Observational Surveys
20.2.1. 6dF galaxy survey
20.2.2. 2MASS TF survey
20.2.3. SFI++ survey
20.2.4. Supernova peculiar motions
20.3. Compilations of Vpec Data
20.4. Mapping and Structures
20.5. Comparison with the CMB and Cosmological Models
20.5.1. Bulk flow measurements
20.5.2. Determinations of β and Ωm
20.5.3. Constraints on theories of gravity and cosmologies
20.5.4. Comparison of measurements
20.5.5. Kinetic SZ effect peculiar velocities
20.6. Ongoing Projects to Measure Peculiar Motions
20.7. Summary and Further Questions
21. Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
Index
