Most large herbivores require some type of management within their habitats. Some populations of large herbivores are at the brink of extinction, some are under discussion for reintroduction, whilst others already occur in dense populations causing conflicts with other land use. Large herbivores are the major drivers for forming the shape and function of terrestrial ecosystems. This book addresses the scientifically based action plans to manage both the large herbivore populations and their habitats worldwide. It covers the processes by which large herbivores not only affect their environment (e.g. grazing) but are affected by it (e.g. nutrient cycling) and the management strategies required. Also discussed are new modeling techniques, which help assess integration processes in a landscape context, as well as assessing the consequences of new developments in the processes of conservation. This book will be essential reading for all involved in the management of both large herbivores and natural resources.
Author(s): Kjell Danell, Roger Bergstrom, Patrick Duncan, John Pastor
Year: 2006
Language: English
Pages: 522
Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 14
Preface......Page 17
Introduction......Page 19
INTRODUCTION......Page 37
DEFINITIONS OF BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL CATEGORIES......Page 39
TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY......Page 40
PALAEONTOLOGY......Page 43
BODY SIZE, DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION......Page 45
GROUP SIZES AND FEEDING TYPES......Page 51
THE DIVERSITY OF MATING SYSTEMS ACROSS CONTINENTS AND BIOMES......Page 55
THE OCCURRENCE OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM......Page 56
VARIATIONS IN DEMOGRAPHIC STRATEGIES......Page 58
CONCLUSIONS......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 62
INTRODUCTION......Page 68
EFFECTS OF SEASONALITY ON LARGE HERBIVORE LIFE HISTORY TACTICS......Page 69
ENERGY USE IN ARCTIC/ALPINE LARGE HERBIVORES - CAPITAL VS. INCOME BREEDER STRATEGIES......Page 70
EFFECTS OF CLIMATIC VARIABILITY ON POPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 73
Population dynamics of Rangifer and muskoxen: review of data......Page 75
EFFECTS OF SEASONALITY ON IMPACT OF GRAZING......Page 79
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ON LARGE HERBIVORE-PLANT INTERACTIONS......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 83
RECENT MODELS OF FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE......Page 89
IMPLICATIONS OF NEW MODELS OF FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES FOR FORAGING AND DIET OPTIMIZATION......Page 95
DESCRIBING THE NUMERICAL RESPONSE......Page 100
DIET SELECTION, RESOURCE HETEROGENEITY AND LARGE HERBIVORE POPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 102
STABILIZING AND DESTABILIZING INFLUENCES ON LARGE HERBIVORE POPULATION DYNAMICS......Page 107
CONCLUSIONS......Page 110
REFERENCES......Page 111
INTRODUCTION......Page 115
HOW DO LARGE HERBIVORES DIRECTLY AFFECT INDIVIDUAL PLANTS?......Page 116
Type of tissue damage......Page 117
Severity and timing of tissue damage......Page 118
Defoliation interval......Page 119
Flowering and seed production......Page 120
Below-ground processes......Page 121
Physical avoidance......Page 122
Avoidance of herbivory by constitutive chemical defence......Page 123
Responding to herbivory by induced chemical defence......Page 125
Tolerance......Page 126
Compensation......Page 128
IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY......Page 129
Inter- and intraspecific competitive interactions......Page 130
Colonization and extinction......Page 132
Plant species coexistence and diversity......Page 133
Factors affecting herbivore species selection......Page 134
Abiotic factors and diversity......Page 135
Genetic diversity......Page 136
Structural diversity......Page 137
Scale dependence......Page 138
Grazing vs. non-grazing impacts on heterogeneity......Page 139
Temporal dynamics......Page 142
CONCLUSIONS......Page 145
REFERENCES......Page 146
INTRODUCTION......Page 160
LONG-TERM STUDIES OF EFFECTS OF LARGE MAMMALS ON ARID VEGETATION......Page 163
OSCILLATIONS OF VEGETATION AND HERBIVORE POPULATIONS......Page 167
EFFECTS OF HERBIVORY ON RELATIONSHIPS AMONG PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES......Page 168
(1) Bush encroachment......Page 169
(2) Size matters in rangelands with winter rainfall......Page 172
(3) Is Australia a special case? - a meta-analysis......Page 180
CONCLUSIONS......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 182
INTRODUCTION......Page 188
LARGE HERBIVORE DIETS......Page 189
PLANT DEFENCES......Page 191
Browsing on leaves and shoots......Page 193
Bark stripping......Page 194
Seedling abundance......Page 197
INDIRECT EFFECTS OF LARGE HERBIVORES......Page 201
CHANGES IN TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION......Page 203
TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN HERBIVORE DENSITIES......Page 206
CONCLUSIONS......Page 209
REFERENCES......Page 211
INTRODUCTION......Page 221
THE DISAPPEARANCE OF LIGHT - DEMANDING TREE AND SHRUB SPECIES......Page 222
OAK AND HAZEL IN FOREST RESERVES......Page 223
COMPETITION FOR LIGHT IN A CLOSED-CANOPY FOREST......Page 224
REGENERATION OF OAK AND HAZEL IN WOOD-PASTURES......Page 226
THE JAY AND THE OAK......Page 229
THE FORMATION OF A PARK-LIKE LANDSCAPE......Page 230
PROCESSES IN THE WOOD-PASTURE AS MODERN ANALOGUES OF FORMER RELATIONS?......Page 232
OTHER LINES OF EVIDENCE......Page 233
SUMMING UP THE VIEWPOINTS......Page 235
THE THEORY IN A BROADER PERSPECTIVE......Page 236
REFERENCES......Page 240
INTRODUCTION......Page 250
FRUGIVORES AND THE EVOLUTION OF HERBIVORY IN MAMMALS......Page 251
FRUGIVORY AND LARGE HERBIVORES OF THE TROPICS......Page 252
SEED DISPERSAL AND SEED PREDATION......Page 259
(1) Large mammalian herbivores as Acacia seed dispersers in the Negev desert......Page 260
(2) Frugivory in Amazonian ungulates: a case study from the Peruvian Amazon......Page 266
IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION......Page 271
CONCLUSIONS......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
INTRODUCTION......Page 279
WHAT IS DISTURBANCE?......Page 280
Magnitude of trampling effects......Page 282
Effects on hydrology......Page 284
Effects on plant community composition......Page 286
Effects on herbivore patch use......Page 287
Magnitude of effects......Page 288
Effects on plant communities and herbivore foraging......Page 292
Effect of grazing on fire regimes in grasslands and savannas......Page 293
Effects of large herbivores on fire regimes in forests and shrublands......Page 295
CONCLUSIONS......Page 297
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 299
INTRODUCTION......Page 307
THE SERENGETI: INCREASED NUTRIENT CYCLING IN A GRAZING ECOSYSTEM......Page 311
THE MOOSE IN THE BOREAL FOREST: DECREASED NUTRIENT CYCLING IN A BROWSING SYSTEM......Page 315
REINDEER IN TUNDRA: MIXED EFFECTS ON NUTRIENT CYCLING......Page 319
WHEN IS NUTRIENT CYCLING AND PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCED AND WHEN IS IT DECREASED?......Page 320
IMPLICATIONS FOR EVOLUTION......Page 328
IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION OF LARGE HERBIVORES......Page 332
CONCLUSIONS......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336
INTRODUCTION......Page 344
The response of large herbivores to regional heterogeneity......Page 346
The effect of large herbivores on regional heterogeneity......Page 348
The response of large herbivores to landscape heterogeneity......Page 351
The effect of large herbivores on landscape heterogeneity......Page 352
The response of herbivores to heterogeneity within communities......Page 353
The effect of large herbivores on variability within the community......Page 356
EFFECTS OF HERBIVORES ON HETEROGENEITY AND ASSOCIATED FEEDBACKS......Page 359
CONCLUSIONS......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 361
INTRODUCTION......Page 366
Approaches focusing on large herbivore dynamics......Page 367
Approaches focusing on vegetation dynamics......Page 369
Integrated approaches......Page 371
Predator-large herbivore interactions......Page 377
Interactions among large herbivore species......Page 378
Interactions among plant species......Page 380
Cultural features and land use change......Page 382
Interactions with disturbances......Page 383
Herbivore effects other than herbivory......Page 384
Multiple scales and scale mismatches......Page 386
Example: Scaling forage intake from bite to landscape......Page 388
MODELS FOR MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION......Page 392
CONCLUSIONS......Page 393
REFERENCES......Page 395
INTRODUCTION......Page 401
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 402
Large herbivores as 'predators'......Page 403
The indirect effects of large herbivores......Page 404
Small mammals......Page 405
Birds......Page 408
Impacts on macro-invertebrates......Page 410
Grazing intensity and response of invertebrate fauna......Page 419
CONCLUSIONS......Page 421
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 424
REFERENCES......Page 425
INTRODUCTION......Page 431
WHAT RUNS THE WORLD - LITTLE THINGS OR BIG THINGS?......Page 432
DRAMATIS PERSONAE......Page 434
Theory......Page 436
THE PREDATION MODEL: CAN LARGE CARNIVORES SUPPRESS POPULATIONS OF LARGE HERBIVORES?......Page 438
CAN LARGE CARNIVORES DRIVE LARGE HERBIVORES TO LOCAL EXTINCTION?......Page 442
THE PREDATION-FOOD MODEL (TWO-STAGE): DO PREDATOR PITS EXIST?......Page 444
The moose-wolf-balsam fir studies on Isle Royale......Page 446
CAN WE EXPECT STABILITY IN PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEMS?......Page 447
Effects of prey migration......Page 449
Effects of naıve prey......Page 450
Changes in predator behaviour......Page 451
When gravel pits change mammal community structure......Page 452
The elk-wolf-aspen interaction......Page 453
The Glacier National Park......Page 454
HUMANS ARE THE MAIN KEYSTONE......Page 455
Large carnivore effects on large herbivore numbers......Page 457
'The enemy of my enemy is my friend'......Page 458
REFERENCES......Page 459
INTRODUCTION......Page 467
DEGRADATION IN GRAZED ECOSYSTEMS......Page 469
THE ROLE OF HERBIVORES IN ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION......Page 470
Restoring hydrological function in degraded rangelands......Page 473
Restoring the conservation value of Scottish Caledonian forest......Page 476
INVOLVING PEOPLE IN MANAGING FOR RESTORATION......Page 478
CONCLUSIONS......Page 480
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 482
REFERENCES......Page 483
Themes and future directions in herbivore-ecosystem interactions and conservation......Page 486
THEME 1: THE IMPORTANCE OF BODY SIZE......Page 487
THEME 2: TISSUE CHEMISTRY......Page 488
THEME 3: PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF PLANTS TO HERBIVORES......Page 490
THEME 4: CHANGES IN PLANT COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEM PROPERTIES......Page 491
CONCLUSIONS......Page 494
REFERENCES......Page 495
Index......Page 497
