Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
1 General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Normative references
1.3 Terms and definitions
1.4 Implementation compliance
1.5 Structure of this International Standard
1.6 Syntax notation
1.7 The C++ memory model
1.8 The C++ object model
1.9 Program execution
1.10 Multi-threaded executions and data races
1.11 Acknowledgments
2 Lexical conventions
2.1 Separate translation
2.2 Phases of translation
2.3 Character sets
2.4 Trigraph sequences
2.5 Preprocessing tokens
2.6 Alternative tokens
2.7 Tokens
2.8 Comments
2.9 Header names
2.10 Preprocessing numbers
2.11 Identifiers
2.12 Keywords
2.13 Operators and punctuators
2.14 Literals
2.14.1 Kinds of literals
2.14.2 Integer literals
2.14.3 Character literals
2.14.4 Floating literals
2.14.5 String literals
2.14.6 Boolean literals
2.14.7 Pointer literals
2.14.8 User-defined literals
3 Basic concepts
3.1 Declarations and definitions
3.2 One definition rule
3.3 Scope
3.3.1 Declarative regions and scopes
3.3.2 Point of declaration
3.3.3 Block scope
3.3.4 Function prototype scope
3.3.5 Function scope
3.3.6 Namespace scope
3.3.7 Class scope
3.3.8 Enumeration scope
3.3.9 Template parameter scope
3.3.10 Name hiding
3.4 Name lookup
3.4.1 Unqualified name lookup
3.4.2 Argument-dependent name lookup
3.4.3 Qualified name lookup
3.4.3.1 Class members
3.4.3.2 Namespace members
3.4.4 Elaborated type specifiers
3.4.5 Class member access
3.4.6 Using-directives and namespace aliases
3.5 Program and linkage
3.6 Start and termination
3.6.1 Main function
3.6.2 Initialization of non-local variables
3.6.3 Termination
3.7 Storage duration
3.7.1 Static storage duration
3.7.2 Thread storage duration
3.7.3 Automatic storage duration
3.7.4 Dynamic storage duration
3.7.4.1 Allocation functions
3.7.4.2 Deallocation functions
3.7.4.3 Safely-derived pointers
3.7.5 Duration of subobjects
3.8 Object lifetime
3.9 Types
3.9.1 Fundamental types
3.9.2 Compound types
3.9.3 CV-qualifiers
3.10 Lvalues and rvalues
3.11 Alignment
4 Standard conversions
4.1 Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion
4.2 Array-to-pointer conversion
4.3 Function-to-pointer conversion
4.4 Qualification conversions
4.5 Integral promotions
4.6 Floating point promotion
4.7 Integral conversions
4.8 Floating point conversions
4.9 Floating-integral conversions
4.10 Pointer conversions
4.11 Pointer to member conversions
4.12 Boolean conversions
4.13 Integer conversion rank
5 Expressions
5.1 Primary expressions
5.1.1 General
5.1.2 Lambda expressions
5.2 Postfix expressions
5.2.1 Subscripting
5.2.2 Function call
5.2.3 Explicit type conversion (functional notation)
5.2.4 Pseudo destructor call
5.2.5 Class member access
5.2.6 Increment and decrement
5.2.7 Dynamic cast
5.2.8 Type identification
5.2.9 Static cast
5.2.10 Reinterpret cast
5.2.11 Const cast
5.3 Unary expressions
5.3.1 Unary operators
5.3.2 Increment and decrement
5.3.3 Sizeof
5.3.4 New
5.3.5 Delete
5.3.6 Alignof
5.3.7 noexcept operator
5.4 Explicit type conversion (cast notation)
5.5 Pointer-to-member operators
5.6 Multiplicative operators
5.7 Additive operators
5.8 Shift operators
5.9 Relational operators
5.10 Equality operators
5.11 Bitwise AND operator
5.12 Bitwise exclusive OR operator
5.13 Bitwise inclusive OR operator
5.14 Logical AND operator
5.15 Logical OR operator
5.16 Conditional operator
5.17 Assignment and compound assignment operators
5.18 Comma operator
5.19 Constant expressions
6 Statements
6.1 Labeled statement
6.2 Expression statement
6.3 Compound statement or block
6.4 Selection statements
6.4.1 The if statement
6.4.2 The switch statement
6.5 Iteration statements
6.5.1 The while statement
6.5.2 The do statement
6.5.3 The for statement
6.5.4 The range-based for statement
6.6 Jump statements
6.6.1 The break statement
6.6.2 The continue statement
6.6.3 The return statement
6.6.4 The goto statement
6.7 Declaration statement
6.8 Ambiguity resolution
7 Declarations
7.1 Specifiers
7.1.1 Storage class specifiers
7.1.2 Function specifiers
7.1.3 The typedef specifier
7.1.4 The friend specifier
7.1.5 The constexpr specifier
7.1.6 Type specifiers
7.1.6.1 The cv-qualifiers
7.1.6.2 Simple type specifiers
7.1.6.3 Elaborated type specifiers
7.1.6.4 auto specifier
7.2 Enumeration declarations
7.3 Namespaces
7.3.1 Namespace definition
7.3.1.1 Unnamed namespaces
7.3.1.2 Namespace member definitions
7.3.2 Namespace alias
7.3.3 The using declaration
7.3.4 Using directive
7.4 The asm declaration
7.5 Linkage specifications
7.6 Attributes
7.6.1 Attribute syntax and semantics
7.6.2 Alignment specifier
7.6.3 Noreturn attribute
7.6.4 Carries dependency attribute
8 Declarators
8.1 Type names
8.2 Ambiguity resolution
8.3 Meaning of declarators
8.3.1 Pointers
8.3.2 References
8.3.3 Pointers to members
8.3.4 Arrays
8.3.5 Functions
8.3.6 Default arguments
8.4 Function definitions
8.4.1 In general
8.4.2 Explicitly-defaulted functions
8.4.3 Deleted definitions
8.5 Initializers
8.5.1 Aggregates
8.5.2 Character arrays
8.5.3 References
8.5.4 List-initialization
9 Classes
9.1 Class names
9.2 Class members
9.3 Member functions
9.3.1 Nonstatic member functions
9.3.2 The this pointer
9.4 Static members
9.4.1 Static member functions
9.4.2 Static data members
9.5 Unions
9.6 Bit-fields
9.7 Nested class declarations
9.8 Local class declarations
9.9 Nested type names
10 Derived classes
10.1 Multiple base classes
10.2 Member name lookup
10.3 Virtual functions
10.4 Abstract classes
11 Member access control
11.1 Access specifiers
11.2 Accessibility of base classes and base class members
11.3 Friends
11.4 Protected member access
11.5 Access to virtual functions
11.6 Multiple access
11.7 Nested classes
12 Special member functions
12.1 Constructors
12.2 Temporary objects
12.3 Conversions
12.3.1 Conversion by constructor
12.3.2 Conversion functions
12.4 Destructors
12.5 Free store
12.6 Initialization
12.6.1 Explicit initialization
12.6.2 Initializing bases and members
12.7 Construction and destruction
12.8 Copying and moving class objects
12.9 Inheriting constructors
13 Overloading
13.1 Overloadable declarations
13.2 Declaration matching
13.3 Overload resolution
13.3.1 Candidate functions and argument lists
13.3.1.1 Function call syntax
13.3.1.1.1 Call to named function
13.3.1.1.2 Call to object of class type
13.3.1.2 Operators in expressions
13.3.1.3 Initialization by constructor
13.3.1.4 Copy-initialization of class by user-defined conversion
13.3.1.5 Initialization by conversion function
13.3.1.6 Initialization by conversion function for direct reference binding
13.3.1.7 Initialization by list-initialization
13.3.2 Viable functions
13.3.3 Best viable function
13.3.3.1 Implicit conversion sequences
13.3.3.1.1 Standard conversion sequences
13.3.3.1.2 User-defined conversion sequences
13.3.3.1.3 Ellipsis conversion sequences
13.3.3.1.4 Reference binding
13.3.3.1.5 List-initialization sequence
13.3.3.2 Ranking implicit conversion sequences
13.4 Address of overloaded function
13.5 Overloaded operators
13.5.1 Unary operators
13.5.2 Binary operators
13.5.3 Assignment
13.5.4 Function call
13.5.5 Subscripting
13.5.6 Class member access
13.5.7 Increment and decrement
13.5.8 User-defined literals
13.6 Built-in operators
14 Templates
14.1 Template parameters
14.2 Names of template specializations
14.3 Template arguments
14.3.1 Template type arguments
14.3.2 Template non-type arguments
14.3.3 Template template arguments
14.4 Type equivalence
14.5 Template declarations
14.5.1 Class templates
14.5.1.1 Member functions of class templates
14.5.1.2 Member classes of class templates
14.5.1.3 Static data members of class templates
14.5.1.4 Enumeration members of class templates
14.5.2 Member templates
14.5.3 Variadic templates
14.5.4 Friends
14.5.5 Class template partial specializations
14.5.5.1 Matching of class template partial specializations
14.5.5.2 Partial ordering of class template specializations
14.5.5.3 Members of class template specializations
14.5.6 Function templates
14.5.6.1 Function template overloading
14.5.6.2 Partial ordering of function templates
14.5.7 Alias templates
14.6 Name resolution
14.6.1 Locally declared names
14.6.2 Dependent names
14.6.2.1 Dependent types
14.6.2.2 Type-dependent expressions
14.6.2.3 Value-dependent expressions
14.6.2.4 Dependent template arguments
14.6.3 Non-dependent names
14.6.4 Dependent name resolution
14.6.4.1 Point of instantiation
14.6.4.2 Candidate functions
14.6.5 Friend names declared within a class template
14.7 Template instantiation and specialization
14.7.1 Implicit instantiation
14.7.2 Explicit instantiation
14.7.3 Explicit specialization
14.8 Function template specializations
14.8.1 Explicit template argument specification
14.8.2 Template argument deduction
14.8.2.1 Deducing template arguments from a function call
14.8.2.2 Deducing template arguments taking the address of a function template
14.8.2.3 Deducing conversion function template arguments
14.8.2.4 Deducing template arguments during partial ordering
14.8.2.5 Deducing template arguments from a type
14.8.2.6 Deducing template arguments from a function declaration
14.8.3 Overload resolution
15 Exception handling
15.1 Throwing an exception
15.2 Constructors and destructors
15.3 Handling an exception
15.4 Exception specifications
15.5 Special functions
15.5.1 The std::terminate() function
15.5.2 The std::unexpected() function
15.5.3 The std::uncaught_exception() function
16 Preprocessing directives
16.1 Conditional inclusion
16.2 Source file inclusion
16.3 Macro replacement
16.3.1 Argument substitution
16.3.2 The # operator
16.3.3 The ## operator
16.3.4 Rescanning and further replacement
16.3.5 Scope of macro definitions
16.4 Line control
16.5 Error directive
16.6 Pragma directive
16.7 Null directive
16.8 Predefined macro names
16.9 Pragma operator
17 Library introduction
17.1 General
17.2 The C standard library
17.3 Definitions
17.4 Additional definitions
17.5 Method of description (Informative)
17.5.1 Structure of each clause
17.5.1.1 Elements
17.5.1.2 Summary
17.5.1.3 Requirements
17.5.1.4 Detailed specifications
17.5.1.5 C library
17.5.2 Other conventions
17.5.2.1 Type descriptions
17.5.2.1.1 General
17.5.2.1.2 Enumerated types
17.5.2.1.3 Bitmask types
17.5.2.1.4 Character sequences
17.5.2.1.4.1 Byte strings
17.5.2.1.4.2 Multibyte strings
17.5.2.2 Functions within classes
17.5.2.3 Private members
17.6 Library-wide requirements
17.6.1 Library contents and organization
17.6.1.1 Library contents
17.6.1.2 Headers
17.6.1.3 Freestanding implementations
17.6.2 Using the library
17.6.2.1 Overview
17.6.2.2 Headers
17.6.2.3 Linkage
17.6.3 Requirements on types and expressions
17.6.3.1 Template argument requirements
17.6.3.2 Swappable requirements
17.6.3.3 NullablePointer requirements
17.6.3.4 Hash requirements
17.6.3.5 Allocator requirements
17.6.4 Constraints on programs
17.6.4.1 Overview
17.6.4.2 Namespace use
17.6.4.2.1 Namespace std
17.6.4.2.2 Namespace posix
17.6.4.3 Reserved names
17.6.4.3.1 Macro names
17.6.4.3.2 Global names
17.6.4.3.3 External linkage
17.6.4.3.4 Types
17.6.4.3.5 User-defined literal suffixes
17.6.4.4 Headers
17.6.4.5 Derived classes
17.6.4.6 Replacement functions
17.6.4.7 Handler functions
17.6.4.8 Other functions
17.6.4.9 Function arguments
17.6.4.10 Shared objects and the library
17.6.4.11 Requires paragraph
17.6.5 Conforming implementations
17.6.5.1 Overview
17.6.5.2 Headers
17.6.5.3 Restrictions on macro definitions
17.6.5.4 Global and non-member functions
17.6.5.5 Member functions
17.6.5.6 constexpr functions and constructors
17.6.5.7 Requirements for stable algorithms
17.6.5.8 Reentrancy
17.6.5.9 Data race avoidance
17.6.5.10 Protection within classes
17.6.5.11 Derived classes
17.6.5.12 Restrictions on exception handling
17.6.5.13 Restrictions on storage of pointers
17.6.5.14 Value of error codes
17.6.5.15 Moved-from state of library types
18 Language support library
18.1 General
18.2 Types
18.3 Implementation properties
18.3.1 In general
18.3.2 Numeric limits
18.3.2.1 Class template numeric_limits
18.3.2.2 Header
synopsis
18.3.2.3 Class template numeric_limits
18.3.2.4 numeric_limits members
18.3.2.5 Type float_round_style
18.3.2.6 Type float_denorm_style
18.3.2.7 numeric_limits specializations
18.3.3 C library
18.4 Integer types
18.4.1 Header synopsis
18.5 Start and termination
18.6 Dynamic memory management
18.6.1 Storage allocation and deallocation
18.6.1.1 Single-object forms
18.6.1.2 Array forms
18.6.1.3 Placement forms
18.6.1.4 Data races
18.6.2 Storage allocation errors
18.6.2.1 Class bad_alloc
18.6.2.2 Class bad_array_new_length
18.6.2.3 Type new_handler
18.6.2.4 set_new_handler
18.6.2.5 get_new_handler
18.7 Type identification
18.7.1 Class type_info
18.7.2 Class bad_cast
18.7.3 Class bad_typeid
18.8 Exception handling
18.8.1 Class exception
18.8.2 Class bad_exception
18.8.3 Abnormal termination
18.8.3.1 Type terminate_handler
18.8.3.2 set_terminate
18.8.3.3 get_terminate
18.8.3.4 terminate
18.8.4 uncaught_exception
18.8.5 Exception propagation
18.8.6 nested_exception
18.9 Initializer lists
18.9.1 Initializer list constructors
18.9.2 Initializer list access
18.9.3 Initializer list range access
18.10 Other runtime support
19 Diagnostics library
19.1 General
19.2 Exception classes
19.2.1 Class logic_error
19.2.2 Class domain_error
19.2.3 Class invalid_argument
19.2.4 Class length_error
19.2.5 Class out_of_range
19.2.6 Class runtime_error
19.2.7 Class range_error
19.2.8 Class overflow_error
19.2.9 Class underflow_error
19.3 Assertions
19.4 Error numbers
19.5 System error support
19.5.1 Class error_category
19.5.1.1 Class error_category overview
19.5.1.2 Class error_category virtual members
19.5.1.3 Class error_category non-virtual members
19.5.1.4 Program defined classes derived from error_category
19.5.1.5 Error category objects
19.5.2 Class error_code
19.5.2.1 Class error_code overview
19.5.2.2 Class error_code constructors
19.5.2.3 Class error_code modifiers
19.5.2.4 Class error_code observers
19.5.2.5 Class error_code non-member functions
19.5.3 Class error_condition
19.5.3.1 Class error_condition overview
19.5.3.2 Class error_condition constructors
19.5.3.3 Class error_condition modifiers
19.5.3.4 Class error_condition observers
19.5.3.5 Class error_condition non-member functions
19.5.4 Comparison operators
19.5.5 System error hash support
19.5.6 Class system_error
19.5.6.1 Class system_error overview
19.5.6.2 Class system_error members
20 General utilities library
20.1 General
20.2 Utility components
20.2.1 Operators
20.2.2 swap
20.2.3 forward/move helpers
20.2.4 Function template declval
20.3 Pairs
20.3.1 In general
20.3.2 Class template pair
20.3.3 Specialized algorithms
20.3.4 Tuple-like access to pair
20.3.5 Piecewise construction
20.4 Tuples
20.4.1 In general
20.4.2 Class template tuple
20.4.2.1 Construction
20.4.2.2 Assignment
20.4.2.3 swap
20.4.2.4 Tuple creation functions
20.4.2.5 Tuple helper classes
20.4.2.6 Element access
20.4.2.7 Relational operators
20.4.2.8 Tuple traits
20.4.2.9 Tuple specialized algorithms
20.5 Class template bitset
20.5.1 bitset constructors
20.5.2 bitset members
20.5.3 bitset hash support
20.5.4 bitset operators
20.6 Memory
20.6.1 In general
20.6.2 Header synopsis
20.6.3 Pointer traits
20.6.3.1 Pointer traits member types
20.6.3.2 Pointer traits member functions
20.6.4 Pointer safety
20.6.5 Align
20.6.6 Allocator argument tag
20.6.7 uses_allocator
20.6.7.1 uses_allocator trait
20.6.7.2 uses-allocator construction
20.6.8 Allocator traits
20.6.8.1 Allocator traits member types
20.6.8.2 Allocator traits static member functions
20.6.9 The default allocator
20.6.9.1 allocator members
20.6.9.2 allocator globals
20.6.10 Raw storage iterator
20.6.11 Temporary buffers
20.6.12 Specialized algorithms
20.6.12.1 addressof
20.6.12.2 uninitialized_copy
20.6.12.3 uninitialized_fill
20.6.12.4 uninitialized_fill_n
20.6.13 C library
20.7 Smart pointers
20.7.1 Class template unique_ptr
20.7.1.1 Default deleters
20.7.1.1.1 In general
20.7.1.1.2 default_delete
20.7.1.1.3 default_delete
20.7.1.2 unique_ptr for single objects
20.7.1.2.1 unique_ptr constructors
20.7.1.2.2 unique_ptr destructor
20.7.1.2.3 unique_ptr assignment
20.7.1.2.4 unique_ptr observers
20.7.1.2.5 unique_ptr modifiers
20.7.1.3 unique_ptr for array objects with a runtime length
20.7.1.3.1 unique_ptr constructors
20.7.1.3.2 unique_ptr observers
20.7.1.3.3 unique_ptr modifiers
20.7.1.4 unique_ptr specialized algorithms
20.7.2 Shared-ownership pointers
20.7.2.1 Class bad_weak_ptr
20.7.2.2 Class template shared_ptr
20.7.2.2.1 shared_ptr constructors
20.7.2.2.2 shared_ptr destructor
20.7.2.2.3 shared_ptr assignment
20.7.2.2.4 shared_ptr modifiers
20.7.2.2.5 shared_ptr observers
20.7.2.2.6 shared_ptr creation
20.7.2.2.7 shared_ptr comparison
20.7.2.2.8 shared_ptr specialized algorithms
20.7.2.2.9 shared_ptr casts
20.7.2.2.10 get_deleter
20.7.2.2.11 shared_ptr I/O
20.7.2.3 Class template weak_ptr
20.7.2.3.1 weak_ptr constructors
20.7.2.3.2 weak_ptr destructor
20.7.2.3.3 weak_ptr assignment
20.7.2.3.4 weak_ptr modifiers
20.7.2.3.5 weak_ptr observers
20.7.2.3.6 weak_ptr specialized algorithms
20.7.2.3.7 Class template owner_less
20.7.2.4 Class template enable_shared_from_this
20.7.2.5 shared_ptr atomic access
20.7.2.6 Smart pointer hash support
20.8 Function objects
20.8.1 Definitions
20.8.2 Requirements
20.8.3 Class template reference_wrapper
20.8.3.1 reference_wrapper construct/copy/destroy
20.8.3.2 reference_wrapper assignment
20.8.3.3 reference_wrapper access
20.8.3.4 reference_wrapper invocation
20.8.3.5 reference_wrapper helper functions
20.8.4 Arithmetic operations
20.8.5 Comparisons
20.8.6 Logical operations
20.8.7 Bitwise operations
20.8.8 Negators
20.8.9 Function template bind
20.8.9.1 Function object binders
20.8.9.1.1 Class template is_bind_expression
20.8.9.1.2 Function template bind
20.8.9.1.3 Placeholders
20.8.10 Function template mem_fn
20.8.11 Polymorphic function wrappers
20.8.11.1 Class bad_function_call
20.8.11.1.1 bad_function_call constructor
20.8.11.2 Class template function
20.8.11.2.1 function construct/copy/destroy
20.8.11.2.2 function modifiers
20.8.11.2.3 function capacity
20.8.11.2.4 function invocation
20.8.11.2.5 function target access
20.8.11.2.6 null pointer comparison operators
20.8.11.2.7 specialized algorithms
20.8.12 Class template hash
20.9 Metaprogramming and type traits
20.9.1 Requirements
20.9.2 Header synopsis
20.9.3 Helper classes
20.9.4 Unary type traits
20.9.4.1 Primary type categories
20.9.4.2 Composite type traits
20.9.4.3 Type properties
20.9.5 Type property queries
20.9.6 Relationships between types
20.9.7 Transformations between types
20.9.7.1 Const-volatile modifications
20.9.7.2 Reference modifications
20.9.7.3 Sign modifications
20.9.7.4 Array modifications
20.9.7.5 Pointer modifications
20.9.7.6 Other transformations
20.10 Compile-time rational arithmetic
20.10.1 In general
20.10.2 Header synopsis
20.10.3 Class template ratio
20.10.4 Arithmetic on ratios
20.10.5 Comparison of ratios
20.10.6 SI types for ratio
20.11 Time utilities
20.11.1 In general
20.11.2 Header synopsis
20.11.3 Clock requirements
20.11.4 Time-related traits
20.11.4.1 treat_as_floating_point
20.11.4.2 duration_values
20.11.4.3 Specializations of common_type
20.11.5 Class template duration
20.11.5.1 duration constructors
20.11.5.2 duration observer
20.11.5.3 duration arithmetic
20.11.5.4 duration special values
20.11.5.5 duration non-member arithmetic
20.11.5.6 duration comparisons
20.11.5.7 duration_cast
20.11.6 Class template time_point
20.11.6.1 time_point constructors
20.11.6.2 time_point observer
20.11.6.3 time_point arithmetic
20.11.6.4 time_point special values
20.11.6.5 time_point non-member arithmetic
20.11.6.6 time_point comparisons
20.11.6.7 time_point_cast
20.11.7 Clocks
20.11.7.1 Class system_clock
20.11.7.2 Class steady_clock
20.11.7.3 Class high_resolution_clock
20.11.8 Date and time functions
20.12 Class template scoped_allocator_adaptor
20.12.1 Header synopsis
20.12.2 Scoped allocator adaptor member types
20.12.3 Scoped allocator adaptor constructors
20.12.4 Scoped allocator adaptor members
20.12.5 Scoped allocator operators
20.13 Class type_index
20.13.1 Header synopsis
20.13.2 type_index overview
20.13.3 type_index members
20.13.4 Hash support
21 Strings library
21.1 General
21.2 Character traits
21.2.1 Character traits requirements
21.2.2 traits typedefs
21.2.3 char_traits specializations
21.2.3.1 struct char_traits
21.2.3.2 struct char_traits
21.2.3.3 struct char_traits
21.2.3.4 struct char_traits
21.3 String classes
21.4 Class template basic_string
21.4.1 basic_string general requirements
21.4.2 basic_string constructors and assignment operators
21.4.3 basic_string iterator support
21.4.4 basic_string capacity
21.4.5 basic_string element access
21.4.6 basic_string modifiers
21.4.6.1 basic_string::operator+=
21.4.6.2 basic_string::append
21.4.6.3 basic_string::assign
21.4.6.4 basic_string::insert
21.4.6.5 basic_string::erase
21.4.6.6 basic_string::replace
21.4.6.7 basic_string::copy
21.4.6.8 basic_string::swap
21.4.7 basic_string string operations
21.4.7.1 basic_string accessors
21.4.7.2 basic_string::find
21.4.7.3 basic_string::rfind
21.4.7.4 basic_string::find_first_of
21.4.7.5 basic_string::find_last_of
21.4.7.6 basic_string::find_first_not_of
21.4.7.7 basic_string::find_last_not_of
21.4.7.8 basic_string::substr
21.4.7.9 basic_string::compare
21.4.8 basic_string non-member functions
21.4.8.1 operator+
21.4.8.2 operator==
21.4.8.3 operator!=
21.4.8.4 operator<
21.4.8.5 operator>
21.4.8.6 operator<=
21.4.8.7 operator>=
21.4.8.8 swap
21.4.8.9 Inserters and extractors
21.5 Numeric conversions
21.6 Hash support
21.7 Null-terminated sequence utilities
22 Localization library
22.1 General
22.2 Header synopsis
22.3 Locales
22.3.1 Class locale
22.3.1.1 locale types
22.3.1.1.1 Type locale::category
22.3.1.1.2 Class locale::facet
22.3.1.1.3 Class locale::id
22.3.1.2 locale constructors and destructor
22.3.1.3 locale members
22.3.1.4 locale operators
22.3.1.5 locale static members
22.3.2 locale globals
22.3.3 Convenience interfaces
22.3.3.1 Character classification
22.3.3.2 Conversions
22.3.3.2.1 Character conversions
22.3.3.2.2 string conversions
22.3.3.2.3 Buffer conversions
22.4 Standard locale categories
22.4.1 The ctype category
22.4.1.1 Class template ctype
22.4.1.1.1 ctype members
22.4.1.1.2 ctype virtual functions
22.4.1.2 Class template ctype_byname
22.4.1.3 ctype specializations
22.4.1.3.1 ctype destructor
22.4.1.3.2 ctype members
22.4.1.3.3 ctype static members
22.4.1.3.4 ctype virtual functions
22.4.1.4 Class template codecvt
22.4.1.4.1 codecvt members
22.4.1.4.2 codecvt virtual functions
22.4.1.5 Class template codecvt_byname
22.4.2 The numeric category
22.4.2.1 Class template num_get
22.4.2.1.1 num_get members
22.4.2.1.2 num_get virtual functions
22.4.2.2 Class template num_put
22.4.2.2.1 num_put members
22.4.2.2.2 num_put virtual functions
22.4.3 The numeric punctuation facet
22.4.3.1 Class template numpunct
22.4.3.1.1 numpunct members
22.4.3.1.2 numpunct virtual functions
22.4.3.2 Class template numpunct_byname
22.4.4 The collate category
22.4.4.1 Class template collate
22.4.4.1.1 collate members
22.4.4.1.2 collate virtual functions
22.4.4.2 Class template collate_byname
22.4.5 The time category
22.4.5.1 Class template time_get
22.4.5.1.1 time_get members
22.4.5.1.2 time_get virtual functions
22.4.5.2 Class template time_get_byname
22.4.5.3 Class template time_put
22.4.5.3.1 time_put members
22.4.5.3.2 time_put virtual functions
22.4.5.4 Class template time_put_byname
22.4.6 The monetary category
22.4.6.1 Class template money_get
22.4.6.1.1 money_get members
22.4.6.1.2 money_get virtual functions
22.4.6.2 Class template money_put
22.4.6.2.1 money_put members
22.4.6.2.2 money_put virtual functions
22.4.6.3 Class template moneypunct
22.4.6.3.1 moneypunct members
22.4.6.3.2 moneypunct virtual functions
22.4.6.4 Class template moneypunct_byname
22.4.7 The message retrieval category
22.4.7.1 Class template messages
22.4.7.1.1 messages members
22.4.7.1.2 messages virtual functions
22.4.7.2 Class template messages_byname
22.4.8 Program-defined facets
22.5 Standard code conversion facets
22.6 C library locales
23 Containers library
23.1 General
23.2 Container requirements
23.2.1 General container requirements
23.2.2 Container data races
23.2.3 Sequence containers
23.2.4 Associative containers
23.2.4.1 Exception safety guarantees
23.2.5 Unordered associative containers
23.2.5.1 Exception safety guarantees
23.3 Sequence containers
23.3.1 In general
23.3.2 Class template array
23.3.2.1 Class template array overview
23.3.2.2 array constructors, copy, and assignment
23.3.2.3 array specialized algorithms
23.3.2.4 array::size
23.3.2.5 array::data
23.3.2.6 array::fill
23.3.2.7 array::swap
23.3.2.8 Zero sized arrays
23.3.2.9 Tuple interface to class template array
23.3.3 Class template deque
23.3.3.1 Class template deque overview
23.3.3.2 deque constructors, copy, and assignment
23.3.3.3 deque capacity
23.3.3.4 deque modifiers
23.3.3.5 deque specialized algorithms
23.3.4 Class template forward_list
23.3.4.1 Class template forward_list overview
23.3.4.2 forward_list constructors, copy, assignment
23.3.4.3 forward_list iterators
23.3.4.4 forward_list element access
23.3.4.5 forward_list modifiers
23.3.4.6 forward_list operations
23.3.4.7 forward_list specialized algorithms
23.3.5 Class template list
23.3.5.1 Class template list overview
23.3.5.2 list constructors, copy, and assignment
23.3.5.3 list capacity
23.3.5.4 list modifiers
23.3.5.5 list operations
23.3.5.6 list specialized algorithms
23.3.6 Class template vector
23.3.6.1 Class template vector overview
23.3.6.2 vector constructors, copy, and assignment
23.3.6.3 vector capacity
23.3.6.4 vector data
23.3.6.5 vector modifiers
23.3.6.6 vector specialized algorithms
23.3.7 Class vector
23.4 Associative containers
23.4.1 In general
23.4.2 Header 
