This book describes leading research in bioengineering for development of novel technologies for ferrous metal extraction. The author includes new developments in molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, cell metabolism, and engineering principles and applies them to the conventional iron ore industry - proposing innovative solutions to various industry challenges. The book focuses on applied approaches and describes emerging and established industrial processes, as well as the underlying theory of the process, and the biology of the microorganisms involved.- Elaborates on bioprocessing technologies applicable for extraction of ferrous metals using cross-pollination of microbiology and extractive metallurgy;
- Presents a systematic overview of bioprocessing technologies encompassing laboratory research, pilot scale studies, and industrial process flowsheet design;
- Provides comprehensive coverage of the engineering principles behind bioprocesses of iron ores including material and energy balances, transport processes, reactions and reactor engineering.
Author(s): Mingming Zhang
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 179
City: Cham
Preface
Disclaimer
Contents
Introduction
1 Historical Background
2 Purpose
3 Scope
4 Key Concepts
References
Iron Ore Processing, General
1 Introduction
2 Iron Ore Mining
2.1 Iron Ore Minerals
2.2 Mining Methods
Surface Mining
Underground Mining
3 Iron Ore Handling
3.1 Iron Ore Transportation
3.2 Iron Ore Storage
4 Iron Ore Beneficiation
4.1 Gravity Separation
Conventional Jigs
Spirals
Pinched Sluices
Centrifugal Jigs
Centrifugal Concentrators
Shaking Tables (Wet and Dry)
Mozley Gravity Separators (MGS)
4.2 Flotation
Anionic Flotation
Cationic Flotation
New Development of Iron Ore Flotation
Microbially Induced Flotation and Flocculation
Reverse Cationic Flotation
Column Flotation
4.3 Magnetic Separation
Wet High-Intensity Magnetic Separators (WHIMS)
Wet/Dry Low-Intensity Magnetic Drums (LIMS)
Induced Roll Magnetic Separators (IRM)
Lift Roll Magnetic Separators
Cross Belt Magnetic Separators
Disk Magnetic Separators
Rare-Earth Magnetic Drums (RED)
Rare-Earth Magnetic Rolls (RER)
5 Agglomeration of Iron Ores
5.1 Sintering
5.2 Pelletizing
Feed Preparation
Green Ball Production
Induration of Green Balls
References
Microorganisms and Bioprocessing, General
1 Introduction
2 Classification of Microorganisms
3 Microorganisms for Ferrous Metal Extraction
3.1 Iron-Oxidizing Microorganism
Acidophilic, Aerobic Iron-Oxidizing Microorganism
Neutrophilic, Aerobic Iron-Oxidizing Microorganism
Neutrophilic Iron-Oxidizing Microorganism Utilizing Nitrate/Nitrite
Anaerobic Phototrophic Iron-Oxidizing Microorganisms
3.2 Iron-Reducing Microorganism
4 Industrial Microbiology
4.1 Industrial Microorganisms
4.2 Microbial Nutrition and Growth Kinetics
Microbial Nutrition, Growth, and Cultivation
Continuous Growth Kinetics
4.3 Industrial Bioprocess
Upstream Processing
Downstream Processing
References
Physicochemical and Biological Processes in Iron Ore Bioprocessing
1 Introduction
2 Principles of Microbial Interaction with Iron Ores
2.1 Metal Mobilization
2.2 Metal Immobilization
2.3 Organic Matter Decomposition
2.4 Common Biological Transformations of Minerals by Microbes
Silicates
Bauxite
Carbonates
Oxalates
Oxides
Phosphates
Sulfides
References
Engineering Design and Process Requirements
1 Introduction
2 Process Flowsheet Development
2.1 Revamping of Existing Plants
3 Equipment Selection, Specifications, and Design
3.1 Reactors in Bioleaching
3.2 Gas Mass Transfer
3.3 Suspension of Solids
3.4 Future Development and Applications
References
Economics of Bioprocessing Technologies
1 Introduction
2 Economic Aspects of Iron Ore Bioprocessing
2.1 Capital Cost Estimation
2.2 Operating Cost Estimation
2.3 Profitability Analysis
References
Environmental Considerations
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Regulations
3 Environmental Impact Assessment
3.1 Environmental Impacts of Iron Ore Mining
Water Pollution
Air Pollution Due to Dust and Noxious Fumes
Soil Erosion and Contamination
Waste Management in Mining Industries
3.2 Remediation Processes for Iron Ore Mining
Water Treatment
4 Conclusions
References
Laboratory Research and Techniques
1 Introduction
2 Isolation, Culture, and Adaptation of Microorganism
3 Laboratory Shaking Flask Test
4 Pilot Column and Tank Test
References
Pilot-Scale Studies, Scaling-Up, and Technology Transfer
1 Introduction
2 Pilot-Scale Studies
2.1 Key Considerations
2.2 Challenges for Scaling Up Bioprocesses
3 Scale-Up and Technology Transfer
3.1 Framework for Technology Transfer
4 Conclusions
References
Outstanding Questions and Future Developments
1 Introduction
2 Outstanding Questions
2.1 How to Profit from Existing Data and Upcoming Technologies to Speed Up the Iron Ore Bioprocessing Development?
2.2 But Do We Need “New Technologies” for Speeding Up Iron Ore Bioprocess Development?
3 Future Development
4 Conclusions
References
Index
