IoT Based Smart Applications

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: A Study on COVID–19, Its Origin, Phenomenon, Variants, and IoT-Based Framework to Detect the Presence of Coronavirus
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Origin of 2019-nCoV
1.3 Current Situation of the Epidemic and Preventive Measures
1.4 IoT-Based Framework to Detect Coronavirus
1.5 Remote Screening Magnitude
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT): Research Issues, Challenges, and Future Directions
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Key Characteristics of Blockchain
2.1.1.1 Decentralization
2.1.1.2 Immutability
2.1.1.3 Transparency
2.1.1.4 Traceability
2.1.2 Idea of Blockchain in IoT
2.1.3 Merits of Blockchain in IoT technology
2.1.3.1 Interoperability
2.1.3.2 Scalability
2.1.3.3 An Efficient Supply Chain
2.1.3.4 Better Security of IoT Systems
2.1.3.5 Cost Reduction
2.1.3.6 Tolerance of Fault
2.2 Motivation
2.2.1 The Blockchain-Related Pattern for Numerous IoT Fields
2.2.2 Examples of Blockchain Applications in IoT
2.2.2.1 The Energy Sector
2.2.2.2 Maintenance and Equipment Operations
2.2.2.3 Smart Contract
2.2.2.4 Decentralization and Expandability
2.2.2.5 Industrial IoT
2.3 Research Gaps
2.4 Objectives
2.5 Architecture
2.6 Challenges and Issues of Blockchain in IoT
2.6.1 Challenges in IoT
2.6.1.1 Authentication
2.6.1.2 Authorization
2.6.1.3 Availability
2.6.1.4 Confidentiality
2.6.1.5 Integrity
2.6.1.6 Privacy
2.6.1.7 Trust
2.6.2 Challenges of Blockchain
2.6.2.1 Privacy
2.6.2.2 Energy Efficiency
2.6.2.3 Security
2.6.2.4 Throughput and Latency
2.6.2.5 Block Size
2.6.2.6 Bandwidth
2.6.2.7 Multichain Management
2.6.2.8 Autonomy and Enforcement
2.6.3 Challenges of Blockchain in IoT
2.6.3.1 Processing Time and Power
2.6.3.2 Scalability
2.6.3.3 Storage
2.6.3.4 Lack of Skills
2.6.3.5 Legal and Compliance Issues
2.7 Current Role of Blockchain and IoT in Transforming Health Care and Finance
2.8 Conclusion
2.9 Future Directions
2.9.1 Smart Devices Becoming Smarter
2.9.2 Voting Transparency
2.9.3 Edge Computing
2.9.4 The Data Will Be Exchanged for Digital Currency
2.9.5 The Technical Challenges of Decentralization
2.9.6 Peer-to-Peer-Based Data Transactions
2.9.7 Security
2.9.8 Blockchain in IoT Intrusion Detection
2.9.9 Blockchain in IoT and Real-Time Video Delivery
References
Chapter 3: Smart Health Care by Harnessing the Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, Challenges, and Future Aspects
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Evolution of IoT in the Field of Medical Science
3.2.1 History of IoT in the Field of Medical Science
3.2.2 Predominant Techniques
3.2.2.1 Data Mining
3.2.2.2 Artificial Intelligence
3.2.2.3 Sensors and Monitoring Devices
3.2.3 Trends of Today
3.3 Real-Time Applications of IoT in Health Care
3.3.1 Sensors and Monitoring Devices
3.3.1.1 Remote Patient Monitoring
3.3.1.2 Wearable Devices and Sensors
3.3.1.3 Ambient-Assisted Living (AAL)
3.3.2 Disease Diagnosis and Mobile Health Care
3.3.3 Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Surgery and Treatment
3.3.4 Fitness and Nutrition
3.3.5 IoT in Pharmaceuticals
3.4 Problems and Challenges
3.4.1 Big Data and Handling
3.4.2 Security
3.4.3 Privacy
3.5 Recent Innovations and Patents
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Cities
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Concepts
4.1.2 Motivation
4.2 IoT: Application Areas
4.3 IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities
4.3.1 IoT in Smart Cities
4.3.2 IoT in Smart Homes
4.4 IoT Technologies for Smart Cities and Smart Home
4.5 IoT Architecture
4.6 Practical Experiences Over the World
4.7 IoT Challenges
4.8 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
Chapter 5: Gesture-Based Smart-Assistive Device for Elderly and Disabled People Using IoT
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 An Overview of Technology Architecture
5.1.1.1 Sensors and Sensor Technology
5.1.1.2 IoT Gateways
5.1.1.3 Cloud/Server Infrastructure and Big Data
5.1.1.4 End-User Mobile Apps
5.1.1.5 IPv6
5.2 Proposed Methodology
5.3 Architecture
5.3.1 Flex Module
5.3.2 RF Transmitter and Receiver
5.3.2.1 Pin Diagram
5.3.2.2 Pin Description of RF Transmitter
5.3.2.3 Pin Description of RF Receiver
5.3.3 Bluetooth Module
5.3.4 Flex Sensor
5.3.5 Relay
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.4.1 Local Application
5.4.2 Server Application
5.4.3 Working Module
5.4.4 Flex Module
5.4.5 Main Module
5.5 Conclusion
5.6 Future Work
References
Chapter 6: IoT-Enabled Intelligent Traffic Management System
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Characteristics of IoT
6.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT
6.1.3 Application Areas of IoT
6.1.4 IoT Open-Source Platforms
6.2 Role of Traffic Management in IoT
6.2.1 Traffic Management
6.2.1.1 Intelligent Traffic Lights
6.2.1.2 Telematics
6.2.1.3 Autonomous Cars
6.2.1.4 Improved Emergency Services
6.2.2 Advantages
6.2.2.1 Communication
6.2.2.2 Automation and Control
6.2.2.3 Information
6.2.2.4 Monitoring
6.2.2.5 Efficient and Saves Time
6.2.2.6 Better Quality of Life
6.2.3 Disadvantages
6.2.3.1 Compatibility
6.2.3.2 Safety and Privacy
6.2.3.3 Less Manpower Employment
6.3 Smart Traffic Management-Based IoT
6.3.1 Working of Smart Traffic Management System
6.3.1.1 Benefits of IoT-Based Traffic Signal Monitoring System
6.3.2 IoT Applications in Smart Cities
6.3.2.1 Smart Parking
6.3.2.2 Public Trаnsроrt
6.3.2.3 Street Lightning
6.3.2.4 Wаste Management
6.3.2.5 Environmental Issue Arrangement
6.3.2.6 Air Quality Estimation
6.3.3 Practical Experience Around the World
6.3.3.1 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
6.3.3.2 Chicago and New York, USA
6.3.3.3 Busan, South Korea
6.3.3.4 Nice, France
6.3.3.5 Pаdоvа, Itаly
6.3.4 Challenges
6.3.4.1 Traffic Lights
6.3.4.2 Smart Parking
6.3.4.3 Smart Assistance
6.4 Research Challenges
6.4.1 Privacy and Security
6.4.2 Processing, Analysis, and Management of Data
6.4.3 Monitoring and Sensing
6.4.4 M2M (Machine-to-Machine) Communication and Communication Protocols
6.4.5 Interoperability
6.5 Related Work
6.6 Limitations
6.7 Summary
References
Chapter 7: A Survey and Challenges: Embedded System on IoT
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Comparison of Survey Papers
7.1.2 Motivation
7.1.3 Contribution
7.2 Architecture of IoT
7.3 Scheduling of IoT
7.4 Computing Methods
7.5 Processor
7.6 IoT Platforms
7.7 Issues and Future Directions
7.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Integration of Big Data and IoT in the Modern Era
8.1 Introduction
8.2 IoT Architecture
8.2.1 Security Challenges in an IoT Environment
8.2.1.1 Checking and Upgrading Are Inadequate
8.2.1.2 The Use of Brute-Force Attack and Preset Credentials
8.2.1.3 Malware for IoT Devices and Extortion
8.2.1.4 Cryptocurrency-Focused IoT Botnets
8.2.1.5 Considerations About Integrity and Confidentiality
8.2.1.6 Small-Scale IoT Assaults That Go Undetected
8.2.1.7 Intelligence and Robotics
8.2.1.8 Attack of the Home
8.2.1.9 Automobile Approach from the Distance
8.2.1.10 Information That Is Not Credible
8.3 Big Data
8.4 Processing of Data in an IoT Environment
8.5 Integration of Big Data Into an IoT Environment
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Internet of Things (IoT) for Sensor-Based Smart Farming: Challenges and Opportunities
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Concept of IoT
9.3 Requirement of IoT in Smart Farming
9.4 IoT Structure for Farming
9.5 Sensors and Devices Used in Smart Farming
9.5.1 Soil Moisture Sensor
9.5.1.1 Soil Water Monitoring
9.5.1.2 Characteristics
9.5.1.3 Significance
9.5.1.4 Functioning
9.5.2 Rain Sensor
9.6 Software Used in Smart Farming
9.6.1 SQL Server
9.6.2 About SQL
9.6.3 Significance of SQL
9.6.4 SQL Methodology
9.6.5 SQL Commands
9.7 IoT Applications in Smart Farming
9.8 Challenges in Smart Farming
9.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Implementation of IoT in Various Domains
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Fog Computing
10.1.2 Linked Vehicles
10.2 Architecture of IoT
10.2.1 Application Layer
10.2.2 Network Layer
10.2.3 Perception Layer
10.2.4 Processing Layer
10.2.5 Business Layer
10.3 Some Important Applications of IoT
10.4 Challenges Still Faced by Internet of Things
10.5 Advantages of IoT
10.6 Disadvantages of IoT
10.7 H-IoT
10.8 Industrial 4.0 with IoT
10.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Application of IoT in Wearable Technology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Wearable Technology
11.2.1 Smartwatch
11.2.2 Google Glasses
11.2.3 Fitbit
11.3 Classification of IOT Portables
11.3.1 Health
11.3.2 Activity Sports
11.3.3 Following and Localization
11.3.4 Safety
11.4 Future of IoT in Wearables
11.4.1 Laborer Well-Being
11.4.2 Planning and Training
11.4.3 Medical Care
11.4.4 Analytics
11.5 Challenges of IoT in Wearables
11.5.1 Information Goal of Sensors
11.5.2 Power Usage
11.5.3 Wearability
11.5.4 Well-Being
11.5.5 Security
11.5.6 Guideline
11.5.7 Privacy
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Role of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities: Challenges, Benefits, and Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.3 Working Principle of IoT-Based Smart Homes and Smart Cities
12.3.1 Smart Homes
12.3.1.1 Level 1: Data Gathering
12.3.1.2 Level 2: Executing the Data
12.3.1.3 Level 3: Data Integration and Consultation
12.3.1.4 Level 4: Device Control and Warning
Communication Services
Customized Services
12.3.2 Smart Cities
12.4 IoT Challenges to Achieve Smart Cities and Smart Homes
12.4.1 Smart Cities
12.4.2 Smart Homes
12.5 Benefits of IoT-Based Smart Homes and Smart Cities
12.5.1 Benefits of IoT-Based Smart Homes
12.5.2 Benefits of IoT-Based Smart Homes
12.6 Applications of IoT in Smart Homes and Smart Cities
12.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Investigating Role of IoT in the Development of Smart Application for Security Enhancement
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 IoT
13.1.1.1 Features of Internet of Things
13.1.1.2 Advantages of the Internet of Things (IoT)
13.1.1.3 Disadvantages of the IoT
13.1.2 IoT Hardware and Software
13.1.2.1 Wearable Gadgets
13.1.2.2 Common Devices
13.1.2.3 IoT and Software
13.1.3 Compilation of Information
13.1.3.1 Integration with Other Devices
13.1.3.2 Analytics in Real Time
13.1.3.3 Adaptation and Enhancement
13.1.4 Technologies Used in IoT
13.1.4.1 RFID and NFC
13.1.4.2 BLE Device
13.1.4.3 A Wireless Low-Energy System
13.1.4.4 Protocols for the Transmission of Radiowaves
13.1.4.5 LTE-A
13.1.4.6 Wi-Fi-Direct
13.1.5 Smart Applications of IoT
13.1.5.1 Infrastructural, Industrial, and Engineering
13.1.5.2 Safety and Government
13.1.5.3 Official and Domestic
13.1.5.4 Medicine and Health
13.1.5.5 Content Marketing and Distribution
13.1.5.6 Enhanced Marketing
13.1.6 Threat to IoT System
13.1.6.1 Fault in the Equipment
13.1.6.2 Attacks Against Computer Systems
13.1.6.3 Theft of Personal Information
13.2 Literature Review
13.3 Statement of Problem
13.4 Proposed Work
13.4.1 Process Flow of Proposed Work
13.5 Results and Discussion
13.5.1 Simulation of the Size of Image Frames
13.5.2 Simulation of Space Consumption During IoT Operations
13.6 Conclusion
13.7 Future Scope
References
Chapter 14: Role of Augmented Reality and Internet of Things in Education Sector
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Literature Survey
14.2.1 Augmented Reality for Preprimary Education
14.2.2 Augmented Reality for Middle-Level Education
14.2.3 Augmented Reality for Higher-Level Education
14.2.4 Technologies Used in Augmented Reality and IoT
14.2.5 Head-Mounted Displays
14.3 Research Methodology
14.4 Importance of AR in the Education Sector
14.4.1 Advantages of Augmented Reality in the Field of Education
14.4.2 Use of Augmented Reality in Different Fields of Education
14.5 Challenges of AR in Education Among Users
14.6 Importance of IoT in the Education Sector
14.6.1 Advantages of IoT in the Field of Education
14.6.2 Use of IoT in Different Fields of Education
14.7 Challenges of IoT in Education Among Users
14.8 Analysis of AR in the Education Sector
14.9 Analysis of IoT in the Education Sector
14.10 Conclusion
14.11 Future Scope
References
Chapter 15: Raspbian Magic Mirror: A Smart Mirror System to Assist on IoT Platform
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Related Works
15.3 Proposed Work
15.3.1 Methodology
15.3.2 Architecture Overview
15.3.2.1 Working of Each Module
15.3.3 Software Specifications
15.3.3.1 Configuration of NOOBS
15.3.3.2 Workflow of Virtual Network Computing Viewer
15.4 Results and Discussion
15.4.1 Home Automation
15.4.2 Summary of Output
15.4.3 PI Camera
15.4.4 Raspbian Magic Mirror Features
15.5 Conclusion
15.6 Future Scope
References
Chapter 16: Use of Machine Learning and IoT in Agriculture
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Need of IoT in Agriculture
16.1.2 Working of IoT
16.1.3 Applications of IoT in Agriculture Forms
16.1.4 Sensors
16.2 Related Work
16.3 Machine Learning for Precision Agriculture: Concepts and Uses
16.4 A Generalized Model for Solving Any Kind of Agricultural Problem by Using IoT
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Intelligent Technology, Systems Support, and Smart Cities
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Application of AI in Smart Cities
17.1.1.1 Decentralization
17.1.1.2 Immutability
17.1.1.3 Transparency
17.1.1.4 Traceability
17.1.2 Contribution to Smart Cities
17.2 Smart City Architecture
17.2.1 Architecture Layers
17.2.2 Architecture with Service Orientation
17.2.3 Architecture for Events
17.2.4 IoT Architecture
17.3 Applications
17.3.1 Food Management
17.3.2 Energy Management
17.3.3 Transport Management
17.4 Smart City Challenges
17.5 Solutions
17.6 Scope
17.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Deep Learning Approach for IOT-Based Multiclass Weed Classification Using YOLOv5
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Literature Review
18.3 Proposed Methodology
18.3.1 Image Selection and Labelling
18.3.2 Pre-processing
18.3.3 Method 1 (Detection of Multiclass with YOLOv5)
18.3.4 Method 2 (Detection of Multiclass with YOLOv5+NDVI Mask)
18.3.5 Dataset
18.4 Simulation Results
18.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Intelligence and Cognitive Computing at the Edge for IoT: Architecture, Challenges, and Applications
19.1 Scope and Motivational Points
19.2 Issues and Challenges
19.3 Problems and Functionalities
19.4 Principles of Cognitive Computing at the Edge or Edge Intelligence
19.5 Related Works
19.6 Basics and Fundamental Concepts
19.7 Models and Methodologies Used
19.8 Existing Implementations
19.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: IOT Sensor-Based Smart Agriculture Using Agro-robot
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Literature Review
20.3 Material and Method
20.4 Proposed Model
20.4.1 Block Diagram
20.4.2 Arduino Board
20.4.3 Liquid Crystal Display
20.4.4 Moisture Sensor
20.4.5 Relay
20.5 Simulation Results
20.6 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
Chapter 21: Role of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital Financial Inclusion
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Review of Literature
21.3 Research Methodology
21.4 Results and Findings
21.4.1 Demographic Analysis of Respondents
21.4.2 Reliability Analysis
21.4.3 Factor Analysis
21.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using Low-Energy IoT-Enabled System
22.1 Overview
22.2 Internet of Things for COVID-19 Epidemic
22.3 Necessity for the Education of Internet of Things
22.4 Key Merits of Internet of Things for COVID-19 Pandemic
22.5 Processes Involved in IoT for COVID-19
22.5.1 The General Effect of IoT in Setting to COVID-19 Concerns (E.g., Contact Following, Group Distinguishing Proof, and Consistence of Isolate)
22.6 Worldwide Mechanical Progressions to Determine COVID-19 Cases Quickly
22.7 Huge Uses of Internet of Things for COVID-19 Pandemic
22.7.1 Savvy Household Devices
22.7.2 Canny Household
22.7.3 Savvy Office
22.8 Brilliant Workstation Devices
22.9 Pathway to Trace Isolator
22.10 Pre-screening or Analysis
22.10.1 Dusting and Sanitizing
22.10.2 Imaginative Usages of Drones
22.10.3 Keen Hotel
22.10.4 Diminishing In-Household Contaminations
22.10.5 Versatile Tracking Applications to Prevent COVID-19
22.11 Simulated Intelligence with IOT Initiatives Is Already Emerging
22.12 Utilizing AI with Internet of Things to Help Identify, Analyze, and Forestall the Spread of the Coronavirus
22.13 How Artificial Intelligence with IoT Can Help the Reaction to the Emergency and the Recuperation to Follow
22.14 Key Proposals with Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence
22.14.1 Cloud System
22.14.2 Different Issues and Future Extent of the Examination
22.15 Conclusion
References
Index