Introductory Chemistry in SI Units

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Now in its 6th Edition, the best-selling Introductory Chemistry continues to encourage student interest by showing how chemistry manifests in students’ daily lives. Author Nivaldo Tro draws upon his classroom experience as an award-winning instructor to extend chemistry from the laboratory to the student’s world, capturing student attention with relevant applications and an engaging writing style. The text provides a superior teaching and learning experience, enabling deep conceptual understanding, fostering the development of problem-solving skills, and encouraging interest in chemistry with concrete examples. Extending chemistry from the lab to the student’s world, the text reveals that anyone can master chemistry.

 

Refined to meet its purpose of teaching relevant skills, the 6th Edition includes new questions, data, and sections to help students build the 21st century skills necessary to succeed in introductory chemistry and beyond. Already a visual text, in this edition the art has been further refined and improved, making the visual impact sharper and more targeted to student learning. The new edition also includes new Conceptual Checkpoints, a widely embraced feature that emphasizes understanding rather than calculation, as well as a new category of end-of-chapter questions called Data Interpretation and Analysis, which present real data in real life situations and ask students to analyze and interpret that data.

 

Also available with Mastering Chemistry.

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Author(s): Nivaldo J. Tro
Edition: 6
Publisher: Pearson
Year: 2018

Language: English
Pages: 836
City: Harlow

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 The Chemical World
1.1 Sand and Water
1.2 Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things
1.3 The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Combustion and the Scientific Method
1.4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Identifying Patterns in Data
Interpreting Graphs
1.5 A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
2 Measurement and Problem Solving
2.1 The Metric Mix-up: A $125 Million Unit Error
2.2 Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers
2.3 Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision
Counting Significant Figures
Exact Numbers
CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA: The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate Our Cosmic Past
2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations
Multiplication and Division
Rounding
Addition and Subtraction
Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division and Addition/Subtraction
2.5 The Basic Units of Measurement
The Base Units
Prefix Multipliers
Derived Units
2.6 Problem Solving and Unit Conversion
Converting Between Units
General Problem-Solving Strategy
2.7 Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems
2.8 Unit Conversion in Both the Numerator and Denominator
2.9 Units Raised to a Power
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Drug Dosage
2.10 Density
Calculating Density
Density as a Conversion Factor
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease
2.11 Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
3 Matter and Energy
3.1 In Your Room
3.2 What Is Matter?
3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties
3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes
Separating Mixtures Through Physical Changes
3.7 Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter
3.8 Energy
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Getting Energy out of Nothing?
Units of Energy
3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water
3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
4 Atoms and Elements
4.1 Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon
4.2 Indivisible: The Atomic Theory
4.3 The Nuclear Atom
4.4 The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Solid Matter?
4.5 Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons
4.6 Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
4.7 Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons
Ions and the Periodic Table
4.8 Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies
4.9 Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
5 Molecules and Compounds
5.1 Sugar and Salt
5.2 Compounds Display Constant Composition
5.3 Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds
Polyatomic Ions in Chemical Formulas
Types of Chemical Formulas
5.4 A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds
Atomic Elements
Molecular Elements
Molecular Compounds
Ionic Compounds
5.5 Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Only Monoatomic Ions
Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
5.6 Nomenclature: Naming Compounds
5.7 Naming Ionic Compounds
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms Only One Type of Cation
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More Than One Type of Cation
Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Polyatomic Ions
5.8 Naming Molecular Compounds
5.9 Naming Acids
Naming Binary Acids
Naming Oxyacids
5.10 Nomenclature Summary
Ionic Compounds
Molecular Compounds
Acids
5.11 Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
6 Chemical Composition
6.1 How Much Sodium?
6.2 Counting Nails by the Kilogram
6.3 Counting Atoms by the Gram
Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms
Converting between Grams and Moles of an Element
Converting between Grams of an Element and Number of Atoms
6.4 Counting Molecules by the Gram
Converting between Grams and Moles of a Compound
Converting between Grams of a Compound and Number of Molecules
6.5 Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors
Converting between Moles of a Compound and Moles of a Constituent Element
Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element
6.6 Mass Percent Composition of Compounds
6.7 Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Fluoridation of Drinking Water
6.8 Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds
Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data
6.9 Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
7 Chemical Reactions
7.1 Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents
7.2 Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
7.3 The Chemical Equation
7.4 How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations
7.5 Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water
Aqueous Solutions
Solubility
7.6 Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid
7.7 Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations
7.8 Acid–Base and Gas Evolution Reactions
Acid–Base (Neutralization) Reactions
Gas Evolution Reactions
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Neutralizing Excess Stomach Acid
7.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
7.10 Classifying Chemical Reactions
Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do
Classification Flowchart
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
8 Quantities in Chemical Reactions
8.1 Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide
8.2 Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients
8.3 Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions
8.4 Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions
8.5 More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield
8.6 Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants
8.7 Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction
Sign of ΔH[sub(rxn)]
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Bunsen Burners
Stoichiometry of ΔH[sub(rxn)]
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
9 Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table
9.1 Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom
9.2 Light: Electromagnetic Radiation
9.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Radiation Treatment for Cancer
9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits
9.5 The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals
Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps
From Orbits to Orbitals
9.6 Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations
Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals
Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals
9.7 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
9.8 The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model
9.9 Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character
Atomic Size
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Pumping Ions: Atomic Size and Nerve Impulses
Ionization Energy
Metallic Character
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
10 Chemical Bonding
10.1 Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs
10.2 Representing Valence Electrons with Dots
10.3 Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred
10.4 Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared
Single Bonds
Double and Triple Bonds
10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds
Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
10.6 Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule
10.7 Predicting the Shapes of Molecules
Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Fooled by Molecular Shape
10.8 Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix
Electronegativity
Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: How Soap Works
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
11 Gases
11.1 Extra-Long Straws
11.2 Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases
11.3 Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions
Pressure Units
Pressure Unit Conversion
11.4 Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Airplane Cabin Pressurization
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Extra-long Snorkels
11.5 Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature
11.6 The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
11.7 Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles
11.8 The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles
Determining Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law
Ideal and Nonideal Gas Behavior
11.9 Mixtures of Gases
Partial Pressure and Physiology
Collecting Gases over Water
11.10 Gases in Chemical Reactions
Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Air Pollution
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
12 Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
12.1 Spherical Water
12.2 Properties of Liquids and Solids
12.3 Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity
Surface Tension
Viscosity
12.4 Evaporation and Condensation
Boiling
Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation
Heat of Vaporization
12.5 Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation
Energetics of Melting and Freezing
Heat of Fusion
Sublimation
12.6 Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole–Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion–Dipole
Dispersion Force
Dipole–Dipole Force
Hydrogen Bonding
Ion–Dipole Force
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Hydrogen Bonding in DNA
12.7 Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic
Molecular Solids
Ionic Solids
Atomic Solids
12.8 Water: A Remarkable Molecule
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Water Pollution and the Flint River Water Crisis
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
13 Solutions
13.1 Tragedy in Cameroon
13.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures
13.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy
Solubility and Saturation
Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids
How Solubility Varies with Temperature
13.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz
13.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent
Mass Percent
Using Mass Percent in Calculations
13.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity
Using Molarity in Calculations
Ion Concentrations
13.7 Solution Dilution
13.8 Solution Stoichiometry
13.9 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter
Freezing Point Depression
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Antifreeze in Frogs
Boiling Point Elevation
13.10 Osmosis: Why Drinking Saltwater Causes Dehydration
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Solutions in Medicine
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
14 Acids and Bases
14.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies
14.2 Acids: Properties and Examples
14.3 Bases: Properties and Examples
14.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases
The Arrhenius Definition
The Brønsted–Lowry Definition
14.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases
Neutralization Reactions
Acid Reactions
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: What Is in My Antacid?
Base Reactions
14.6 Acid–Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution
14.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
Strong Acids
Weak Acids
Strong Bases
Weak Bases
14.8 Water: Acid and Base in One
14.9 The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity
Calculating pH from [H[sub(3)]O[sup(+)]]
Calculating [H[sub(3)]O[sup(+)]] from pH
The pOH Scale
14.10 Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Alkaloids
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: The Danger of Antifreeze
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
15 Chemical Equilibrium
15.1 Life: Controlled Disequilibrium
15.2 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
Collision Theory
How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction
How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction
15.3 The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium
15.4 The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes
Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Chemical Reactions
The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant
15.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid
15.6 Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants
Calculating Equilibrium Constants
Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations
15.7 Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle
15.8 The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium
15.9 The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen from Its Mother
15.10 The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium
15.11 The Solubility-Product Constant
Using K[sub(sp)] to Determine Molar Solubility
15.12 The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst
How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates
Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
16 Oxidation and Reduction
16.1 The End of the Internal Combustion Engine?
16.2 Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions
16.3 Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: The Bleaching of Hair
16.4 Balancing Redox Equations
CHEMISTRY IN THE ENVIRONMENT: Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy for Life
16.5 The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions
The Activity Series of Metals
Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid
16.6 Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity
Dry-Cell Batteries
Lead-Acid Storage Batteries
Fuel Cells
16.7 Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry
16.8 Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
17 Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
17.1 Diagnosing Appendicitis
17.2 The Discovery of Radioactivity
17.3 Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay
Alpha (α) Radiation
Beta (β) Radiation
Gamma (γ) Radiation
Positron Emission
17.4 Detecting Radioactivity
17.5 Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life
Half-Life
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Environmental Radon
A Natural Radioactive Decay Series
17.6 Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts
CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA: The Shroud of Turin
17.7 The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb
17.8 Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity
17.9 Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun
17.10 The Effects of Radiation on Life
Acute Radiation Damage
Increased Cancer Risk
Genetic Defects
Measuring Radiation Exposure
17.11 Radioactivity in Medicine
Isotope Scanning
Radiotherapy
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
18 Organic Chemistry
18.1 What Do I Smell?
18.2 Vitalism: The Difference between Organic and Inorganic
18.3 Carbon: A Versatile Atom
CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA: The Origin of Life
18.4 Hydrocarbons: Compounds Containing Only Carbon and Hydrogen
18.5 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons
CHEMISTRY IN THE MEDIA: Environmental Problems Associated with Hydrocarbon Combustion
18.6 Isomers: Same Formula, Different Structure
18.7 Naming Alkanes
18.8 Alkenes and Alkynes
About Alkenes and Alkynes
Naming Alkenes and Alkynes
18.9 Hydrocarbon Reactions
Alkane Substitution Reactions
Alkene and Alkyne Addition Reactions
18.10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Naming Aromatic Hydrocarbons
18.11 Functional Groups
18.12 Alcohols
Naming Alcohols
About Alcohols
18.13 Ethers
Naming Ethers
About Ethers
18.14 Aldehydes and Ketones
Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
About Aldehydes and Ketones
18.15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Naming Carboxylic Acids and Esters
About Carboxylic Acids and Esters
18.16 Amines
18.17 Polymers
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Kevlar: Stronger Than Steel
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
19 Biochemistry
19.1 The Human Genome Project
19.2 The Cell and Its Main Chemical Components
19.3 Carbohydrates: Sugar, Starch, and Fiber
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
19.4 Lipids
Fatty Acids
Fats and Oils
Other Lipids
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Dietary Fats
19.5 Proteins
19.6 Protein Structure
Primary Structure
Secondary Structure
EVERYDAY CHEMISTRY: Why Hair Gets Longer When It Is Wet
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
19.7 Nucleic Acids: Molecular Blueprints
19.8 DNA Structure, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis
DNA Structure
DNA Replication
Protein Synthesis
CHEMISTRY AND HEALTH: Drugs for Diabetes
Self-Assessment Quiz
Key Terms
Exercises
Answers to Skillbuilder Exercises
Answers to Conceptual Checkpoints
Appendix: Mathematics Review
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises
Glossary
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Credits
Index
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