Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 Chemistry: An Introduction
1.1 Chemistry: An Introduction
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Dr. Ruth—Cotton Hero
1.2 What Is Chemistry?
1.3 Solving Problems Using a Scientific Approach
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: A Mystifying Problem
1.4 The Scientific Method
1.5 Learning Chemistry
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Chemistry: An Important Component of Your Education
Chapter Review
2 Measurements and Calculations
2.1 Scientific Notation
2.2 Units
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Critical Units!
2.3 Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Measurement: Past, Present, and Future
2.4 Uncertainty in Measurement
2.5 Significant Figures
2.6 Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis
2.7 Temperature Conversions: An Approach to Problem Solving
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Tiny Thermometers
2.8 Density
Chapter Review
3 Matter
3.1 Matter
3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes
3.3 Elements and Compounds
3.4 Mixtures and Pure Substances
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Concrete—An Ancient Material Made New
3.5 Separation of Mixtures
Chapter 3 Review
Cumulative Review for Chapters 1 - 3
4 Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions
4.1 The Elements
4.2 Symbols for the Elements
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Trace Elements: Small but Crucial
4.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: No Laughing Matter
4.4 Formulas of Compounds
4.5 The Structure of the Atom
4.6 Introduction to the Modern Concept of Atomic Structure
4.7 Isotopes
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: “Whair” Do You Live?
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Isotope Tales
4.8 Introduction to the Periodic Table
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Putting the Brakes on Arsenic
4.9 Natural States of the Elements
4.10 Ions
4.11 Compounds That Contain Ions
Chapter Review
5 Nomenclature
5.1 Naming Compounds
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Sugar of Lead
5.2 Naming Binary Compounds That Contain a Metal and a Nonmetal (Types I and II)
5.3 Naming Binary Compounds That Contain Only Nonmetals (Type III)
5.4 Naming Binary Compounds: A Review
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Chemophilately
5.5 Naming Compounds That Contain Polyatomic Ions
5.6 Naming Acids
5.7 Writing Formulas from Names
Chapter 5 Review
Cumulative Review for Chapters 4 - 5
6 Chemical Reactions: An Introduction
6.1 Evidence for a Chemical Reaction
6.2 Chemical Equations
6.3 Balancing Chemical Equations
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: The Beetle That Shoots Straight
Chapter Review
7 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
7.1 Predicting Whether a Reaction Will Occur
7.2 Reactions in Which a Solid Forms
7.3 Describing Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
7.4 Reactions That Form Water: Acids and Bases
7.5 Reactions of Metals with Nonmetals (Oxidation–Reduction)
7.6 Ways to Classify Reactions
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Launch the Space Shuttle
7.7 Other Ways to Classify Reactions
Chapter Review
Cumulative Review for Chapters 6 - 7
8 Chemical Composition
8.1 Counting by Weighing
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Plastic That Talks and Listens!
8.2 Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing
8.3 The Mole
8.4 Learning to Solve Problems
8.5 Molar Mass
8.6 Percent Composition of Compounds
8.7 Formulas of Compounds
8.8 Calculation of Empirical Formulas
8.9 Calculation of Molecular Formulas
Chapter Review
9 Chemical Quantities
9.1 Information Given by Chemical Equations
9.2 Mole–Mole Relationships
9.3 Mass Calculations
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Cars of the Future
9.4 The Concept of Limiting Reactants
9.5 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant
9.6 Percent Yield
Chapter Review
Cumulative Review for Chapters 8 - 9
10 Energy
10.1 The Nature of Energy
10.2 Temperature and Heat
10.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
10.4 Thermodynamics
10.5 Measuring Energy Changes
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Coffee: Hot and Quick(lime)
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Nature Has Hot Plants
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Firewalking: Magic or Science?
10.6 Thermochemistry (Enthalpy)
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Methane: An Important Energy Source
10.7 Hess’s Law
10.8 Quality Versus Quantity of Energy
10.9 Energy and Our World
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Seeing the Light
10.10 Energy as a Driving Force
Chapter Review
11 Modern Atomic Theory
11.1 Rutherford’s Atom
11.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Light as a Sex Attractant
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Atmospheric Effects
11.3 Emission of Energy by Atoms
11.4 The Energy Levels of Hydrogen
11.5 The Bohr Model of the Atom
11.6 The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom
11.7 The Hydrogen Orbitals
11.8 The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development
11.9 Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: A Magnetic Moment
11.10 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: The Chemistry of Bohrium
11.11 Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Fireworks
Chapter Review
12 Chemical Bonding
12.1 Types of Chemical Bonds
12.2 Electronegativity
12.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments
12.4 Stable Electron Configurations and Charges on Ions
12.5 Ionic Bonding and Structures of Ionic Compounds
12.6 Lewis Structures
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: To Bee or Not to Bee
12.7 Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Hiding Carbon Dioxide
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Broccoli—Miracle Food?
12.8 Molecular Structure
12.9 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Minimotor Molecule
12.10 Molecular Structure: Molecules with Double Bonds
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Minimotor Molecule
Chapter Review
Cumulative Review for Chapters 10-12
13 Gases
13.1 Pressure
13.2 Pressure and Volume: Boyle’s Law
13.3 Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law
13.4 Volume and Moles: Avogadro’s Law
13.5 The Ideal Gas Law
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Snacks Need Chemistry, Too!
13.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
13.7 Laws and Models: A Review
13.8 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
13.9 The Implications of the Kinetic Molecular Theory
13.10 Gas Stoichiometry
Chapter Review
14 Liquids and Solids
14.1 Water and Its Phase Changes
14.2 Energy Requirements for the Changes of State
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Whales Need Changes of State
14.3 Intermolecular Forces
14.4 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure
14.5 The Solid State: Types of Solids
14.6 Bonding in Solids
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Metal with a Memory
Chapter Review
15 Solutions
15.1 Solubility
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Water, Water, Everywhere, But . . .
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Green Chemistry
15.2 Solution Composition: An Introduction
15.3 Solution Composition: Mass Percent
15.4 Solution Composition: Molarity
15.5 Dilution
15.6 Stoichiometry of Solution Reactions
15.7 Neutralization Reactions
15.8 Solution Composition: Normality
Chapter Review
Cumulative Review for Chapters 13-15
16 Acids and Bases
16.1 Acids and Bases
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Gum That Foams
16.2 Acid Strength
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Carbonation—A Cool Trick
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Plants Fight Back
16.3 Water as an Acid and a Base
16.4 The pH Scale
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Airplane Rash
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Garden-Variety Acid–Base Indicators
16.5 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions
16.6 Buffered Solutions
Chapter Review
17 Equilibrium
17.1 How Chemical Reactions Occur
17.2 Conditions That Affect Reaction Rates
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Protecting the Ozone
17.3 The Equilibrium Condition
17.4 Chemical Equilibrium: A Dynamic Condition
17.5 The Equilibrium Constant: An Introduction
17.6 Heterogeneous Equilibria
17.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle
17.8 Applications Involving the Equilibrium Constant
17.9 Solubility Equilibria
Chapter Review
Cumulative Review for Chapters 16-17
18 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions and Electrochemistry
18.1 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
18.2 Oxidation States
18.3 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Between Nonmetals
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Do We Age by Oxidation?
18.4 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions by the Half-Reaction Method
18.5 Electrochemistry: An Introduction
18.6 Batteries
18.7 Corrosion
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Stainless Steel: It’s the Pits
18.8 Electrolysis
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Water-Powered Fireplace
Chapter Review
19 Radioactivity and Nuclear Energy
19.1 Radioactive Decay
19.2 Nuclear Transformations
19.3 Detection of Radioactivity and the Concept of Half-life
19.4 Dating by Radioactivity
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Dating Diamonds
19.5 Medical Applications of Radioactivity
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: PET, the Brain’s Best Friend
19.6 Nuclear Energy
19.7 Nuclear Fission
19.8 Nuclear Reactors
19.9 Nuclear Fusion
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Future Nuclear Power
19.10 Effects of Radiation
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Nuclear Waste Disposal
Chapter Review
20 Organic Chemistry
20.1 Carbon Bonding
20.2 Alkanes
20.3 Structural Formulas and Isomerism
20.4 Naming Alkanes
20.5 Petroleum
20.6 Reactions of Alkanes
20.7 Alkenes and Alkynes
20.8 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
20.9 Naming Aromatic Compounds
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Termite Mothballing
20.10 Functional Groups
20.11 Alcohols
20.12 Properties and Uses of Alcohols
20.13 Aldehydes and Ketones
20.14 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones
20.15 Carboxylic Acids and Esters
20.16 Polymers
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: The Chemistry of Music
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Mother of Invention
Chapter 20 Review
21 Biochemistry
21.1 Proteins
21.2 Primary Structure of Proteins
21.3 Secondary Structure of Proteins
21.4 Tertiary Structure of Proteins
21.5 Functions of Proteins
21.6 Enzymes
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Urine Farming
21.7 Carbohydrates
CHEMISTRY IN FOCUS: Great Expectations? The Chemistry of Placebos
21.8 Nucleic Acids
21.9 Lipids
Chapter Review
Appendix
Using Your Calculator
Basic Algebra
Scientific (Exponential) Notation
Graphing Functions
SI Units and Conversion Factors
Solutions To Self-Check Exercises
Answers To Even-Numbered End-Of-Chapter Questions And Exercises
Answers To Even-Numbered Cumulative Review Exercises
Index And Glossary