This second edition defines different parts of the cryosphere including: permafrost, snow, land ice, sea ice, ocean, atmosphere and covers numerical modelling of thermodynamic exchanges: conservation of mass, energy, and momentum. It explores the physical basis behind phenomena such as formation of stone circles from melt-freeze processes, snow crystal formation and pressure-melting of glaciers. As an engaging course text for students, it discusses the contribution of melt to sea level rise and explains terms used commonly in the literature. This book is intended for graduates with a numerical sciences background, particularly those who are heading towards postgraduate study or are generally interested in environmental physics.
Author(s): Melody Sandelis, Daniela Flocco
Edition: 2
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 134
City: Bristol
PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgement
Author biographies
Melody Sandells
Daniela Flocco
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Observing the cryosphere
1.1 Components of the cryosphere
1.2 Importance of cryospheric knowledge
1.3 Techniques for observing changes
1.4 Deposition climate records
1.5 Climate tipping points and the high latitudes
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Basic physics
2.1 Thermodynamics of the cryosphere
2.2 Conservation equations
2.3 Radiative transfer theory
2.4 Properties of ice
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Permafrost and periglacial environments
3.1 Frost heave
3.2 Temperature of the permafrost
3.3 Periglacial landscape formation
3.4 Sorting of stones
3.5 Patterned ground on Mars
3.6 Thawing of permafrost
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Snow
4.1 Snow crystal formation
4.2 Snowpack formation
4.3 Metamorphism and densification
4.4 Mass and energy balance modelling
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Land ice
5.1 Definition and importance
5.2 Glaciers
5.2.1 Morphological aspects
5.2.2 Thermodynamic and dynamic aspects of a glacier
5.3 Where land and ocean meet: ice sheets and ice shelves
5.4 Icebergs
5.5 An overview of our ice sheets: Antarctica and Greenland
5.5.1 Antarctica
5.5.2 Greenland
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Sea ice
6.1 Sea ice properties
6.2 Ice formation
6.3 Sea ice classification
6.4 Sea ice modelling
6.5 The importance of albedo: melt ponds, leads and polynyas
6.5.1 Polynyas
6.5.2 Leads
6.5.3 Melt ponds
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 High-latitude processes
7.1 Oceans
7.1.1 The importance of high-latitude processes
7.1.2 The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation within the global thermohaline circulation or great conveyor belt
7.1.3 Deep convection
7.1.4 The AMOC: slowdown or shutdown?
7.2 Ocean ventilation
7.3 High-latitude meteorological indexes
7.3.1 The North Atlantic Oscillation
7.3.2 The Southern Annular Mode index
7.4 The poles and the changing climate
7.4.1 The Arctic
7.4.2 Arctic sea ice and climate
7.4.3 Antarctica and the Southern Ocean
7.4.4 Description of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
7.4.5 Deepwater formation
7.4.6 The ozone hole
7.5 Polar lights: Aurora Borealis and Australis
7.6 Ecology and sea ice
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Thoughts for the future
References
