This second edition builds on the foundation established by the previous first edition published in 2017. The first edition covered background information, description, and analysis of four major cooling system technologies - vapor compression cooling, evaporative cooling, absorption cooling, and gas cooling. The second edition has been expanded to include increased coverage of cooling system refrigerants, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and building cooling loads. With increasing climate change due to the buildup of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, there has been a worldwide impetus to transition to cooling systems and refrigerants that have a low or even zero global warming potential. The text is written as a tutorial for engineering students and practicing engineers who want to become more familiar with the performance of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. The goals are to familiarize the reader with cooling technology nomenclature and provide insight into how refrigeration and air conditioning systems can be modeled and analyzed. Emphasis is placed on constructing idealized thermodynamic cycles to represent actual physical situations in cooling systems. The book contains numerous practical examples to show how one can calculate the performance of cooling system components. By becoming familiar with the analyses presented in the examples, one can gain a feel for representative values of the various thermal and mechanical parameters that characterize cooling systems.
Author(s): Allan T. Kirkpatrick
Series: Synthesis Lectures on Mechanical Engineering
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 164
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
1 Introduction to Cooling Technologies
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Cooling Technologies
1.2 Brief History of Cooling Technologies
1.2.1 Refrigeration
1.2.2 Air Conditioning
1.3 Thermodynamic Background
1.3.1 Thermodynamic Properties
1.3.2 Energy Equation, Heat, and Work
1.4 Psychrometrics
1.4.1 Properties of Air–Water Vapor Mixtures
1.4.2 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet Bulb Temperatures
1.4.3 Psychrometric Chart
1.5 Thermal Comfort
1.6 Further Reading
2 Vapor Compression Cooling Cycles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle
2.3 Vapor Compression Cycle Operation
2.4 Vapor Compression Cycle Analysis
2.5 Efficiency Measures—COP, EER, and SEER
2.6 Refrigerants
2.7 Effect of Evaporator and Condenser Temperature
2.8 Part Load Performance
2.9 Multistage Vapor Compression Systems
2.10 Further Reading
3 Evaporative, Absorption, and Gas Cooling Cycles
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Evaporative Cooling
3.2.1 Direct Evaporative Cooling
3.2.2 Indirect Evaporative Cooling
3.3 Absorption Refrigeration Cycles
3.3.1 Absorption Cycle Operation
3.3.2 Absorption Cycle Analysis
3.4 Gas Refrigeration Cycle
3.4.1 Thermodynamic Analysis
3.5 Further Reading
4 Fluid Flow in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fluid Properties
4.3 Fluid Flow Measurement
4.4 Continuity Equation
4.5 Bernoulli's Equation
4.6 Energy Losses in Fluid Flow
4.7 Pump Work and Power
4.8 Air Flow in HVAC Systems
4.9 HVAC Duct Networks
4.10 Fan Performance
4.11 Cooling Coil Fluid Flow
4.12 Room Air Flow
4.13 Mixing Boxes
4.14 Further Reading
5 Heat Transfer in HVAC Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Conduction Heat Transfer
5.3 Convection Heat Transfer
5.4 Thermal Resistance
5.5 Heat Transfer in Ductwork
5.5.1 Duct Heat Transfer
5.5.2 Fan Heat Gain
5.6 Radiation Heat Transfer
5.7 Radiation Properties
5.8 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
5.9 Multi-mode Heat Transfer
5.10 Further Reading
6 Cooling Loads in Buildings
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sensible and Latent Building Loads
6.3 Internal Loads
6.4 Weather Data
6.5 Ventilation
6.6 Infiltration
6.7 Solar Radiation
6.8 Wall Conduction
6.9 Further Reading
7 Cooling Equipment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Heat Exchangers
7.3 Heat Transfer in Heat Exchangers
7.4 Condensers
7.4.1 Condensation Heat Transfer
7.4.2 Evaporative Condensers
7.5 Evaporators
7.6 Boiling Heat Transfer
7.7 Cooling Towers
7.8 Compressors
7.8.1 Reciprocating Compressors
7.8.2 Centrifugal Compressors
7.8.3 Compressor Lubrication
7.9 Expansion Valves
7.10 Further Reading
A Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
A.1 Air and Water Properties
A.2 Physical Constants
A.3 Conversion Factors
