Introduction to Human Factors for Organisational Psychologists

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Author
Part I Setting the Scene
1 An Introduction to Human Factors
1.1 Introduction to Human Factors
1.2 Human Factors and Organisational Psychology
1.3 A Brief History of Human Factors
1.4 Human Factors and Systems Thinking
1.5 Accident and Incident Analysis
1.6 Management Error
1.7 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Human Factors
1.8 Proactive Management
1.9 Organisational Design and Human Factors
2 Human Factors in Organisations
2.1 Human Factors in Organisations
2.2 The Nature of Complex Industrial Environments
2.2.1 Interdependence
2.2.2 Rapidly Changing Demands
2.2.3 Uncertainty
2.2.4 Resource Limitations
2.2.5 Competing Demands
2.2.6 Complex Authority Structure
2.3 Error Within Stable and Unstable Environments
2.4 Human Factors in Continuous Process Operations
3 Risk and Uncertainty
3.1 Organisational Complexity
3.2 Characterising Human Behaviour
3.3 Risk and Failure
3.4 The Validity of Risk Estimates
3.5 Risk and Safety Initiatives
3.6 Risk Controls
3.7 Uncertainty and Probability
3.8 Probability Assessment
3.9 The Bowtie Method
Part II Human Factors Frameworks
4 Human Error-Based Perspectives
4.1 The Nature of Error
4.2 Deconstructing Human Error
4.3 Preventing Human Error
4.4 The Difficulty in Modelling Human Performance
4.5 Safety Management Systems
5 System Safety Perspectives
5.1 Organisations as Systems
5.2 Organisational Error
5.3 The Sequence of Accident Causation
5.4 The Systemic Model of Accident Causation
5.5 The Origins of System Failure
5.6 Accimap as Representations of System Failure
5.7 The STAMP/STPA Approach
5.8 The EAST Method
5.9 The FRAM Approach
6 Human Engineering Perspectives
6.1 Systems and Design
6.2 Systems Engineering
6.3 Design Philosophy
6.4 User-Centred Design
6.5 Decision-Centred Design
6.6 Features of Systems Engineering
6.6.1 Operational-Need Determination
6.6.2 Operational Concept
6.6.3 Concept Exploration
6.6.4 Concept Demonstration
6.6.5 Full-Scale Development
6.6.6 Production and Deployment
6.6.7 System Evaluation
6.7 Human Factors in Systems Engineering
7 Reliability-Based Perspectives
7.1 Reliability Analysis
7.2 Reliability Engineering
7.3 Probabilistic Risk Assessment
7.4 Human Reliability Analysis
7.5 Taxonomies of Human Performance
7.6 Approaches to HRA Modelling
7.7 Quantitative Versus Qualitative
7.8 Contemporary Approaches to Reliability
7.9 System Simulations
7.10 Human Reliability Analysis in the Future
Note
Part III Individual Differences and Human Factors
8 Information Processing
8.1 Information Processing
8.2 Models of Information Processing
8.3 The Multiple Resources Model of Information Processing
8.4 Limitations of Human Information Processing
8.5 Implications of Information-Processing Research
8.5.1 Checklist Design
8.5.2 Types of Checklists
8.5.3 Difficulties With Checklist Completion
9 Workload and Attention
9.1 Attention
9.2 The Significance of Attention
9.3 Attention Strategies
9.3.1 Selective Attention
9.3.2 Focused Attention
9.3.3 ‘Divided’ Attention
9.4 Sustained Attention and Vigilance
9.5 Workload
9.5.1 Attention and Workload
9.6 Measuring Workload
9.6.1 Psychophysiological Measures
9.6.2 Subjective Ratings
9.6.3 Secondary Tasks
10 Situational Awareness
10.1 Situational Awareness
10.2 Level 1 Situational Awareness
10.3 Level 2 Situational Awareness
10.4 Level 3 Situational Awareness
10.5 Team Situational Awareness
10.6 Assessing Situational Awareness
11 Human Factors and Decision-Making
11.1 Models of Decision-Making
11.2 Descriptive Decision-Making
11.3 Decision Errors
11.3.1 Representativeness Bias
11.3.2 Confirmation Bias
11.3.3 Availability Bias
11.3.4 Anchoring Bias
11.3.5 Misconceptions of Chance
11.4 Prescriptive Decision-Making
11.4.1 The DECIDE Model
11.4.2 Bayes’ Theorem
11.4.3 Framing and Risk Assessment
11.4.4 Hazardous Attitudes
11.4.5 Combating the Influence of Biases
11.5 Decision-Making in Complex Environments
11.6 Decision-Making and Reliability Analysis
11.7 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty
Note
12 Fatigue
12.1 Fatigue in Practice
12.2 Circadian Rhythms
12.3 Sleep Disturbance and Stages
12.4 Fatigue and Human Performance
12.5 Shift Work
12.6 Alertness-Maintenance and Sustained Attention
12.7 Individual Differences and Alertness-Maintenance (Expertise)
12.8 Fatigue Management Systems (FMS)
Part IV Group Processes and Human Factors
13 Groups and Teams
13.1 The Nature of Groups
13.2 Group Development Versus Team Development
13.3 Phases of Team Development
13.4 Facilitating Group Performance
13.5 Team Performance
13.6 Critical Team Behaviours
14 Human Factors and Leadership
14.1 Leadership in Practice
14.2 Contingency Approaches to Leadership
14.3 Ineffective Leadership
14.4 Leadership and Safety Culture
14.5 Just Culture and Safety Leadership
14.6 Principles of Effective Human Factors Leadership
14.7 Followership
14.8 Participative Leadership
15 Communication
15.1 The Nature of Communication
15.2 Communication Errors
15.3 Causes of Communication Errors
15.4 Communication and Team Performance
15.5 Communication Across Teams
15.6 Successful Communication
15.7 Semantic and Prosodic Aspects of Communication
16 Resource Management
16.1 Resource Management
16.2 An Attitude Approach to Resource Management
16.3 Resource Management Redefined
16.4 Resource Management and Human Factors
16.5 The Regulation of Resource Management Initiatives
16.6 Competency-Based Resource Management
16.7 Threat and Error Management
Part V Human Factors Tools and Techniques
17 Hazard Analysis
17.1 Hazards and Incidents
17.2 The Process of Hazard Analysis
17.3 Minimising the Impact of Hazards
17.4 Hazard Warnings
18 Cognitive Task Analysis
18.1 Analysing Behaviour
18.2 Task Analysis
18.3 Technique for Error Rate Prediction
18.4 Cognitive Task Analysis
18.5 The Precursor, Action, Result, Interpretation Method
18.6 CTA and Symbolic Architectures
18.7 Cognitive Task Analysis and Reliability
19 Accident and Incident Analysis
19.1 Accident Investigation
19.2 Accident Investigation and Aviation
19.3 The Process of Accident Investigation
19.4 Principles of Investigation
19.5 Information Sources
19.6 The Written Report
19.6.1 Test for Existence
19.6.2 Test for Influence
19.6.3 Test for Validity
19.7 Accident Investigation Protocols
19.8 Probable Cause Versus Significant Factors
19.9 Human Factors and Accident Investigation
19.10 Crash ‘Recorders’
19.10.1 The Cockpit Voice Recorder
19.10.2 Flight Data Recorder
20 System Evaluation, Usability, and User Experience
20.1 System Assessment
20.2 Indices
20.3 Productivity
20.4 Organisational Factors and Systems Assessment
20.5 Usability Engineering
20.6 Usability and Generalisation
20.6.1 Usability and User Experience
20.6.2 Documentation and Training
20.7 Archetypes and Personas
20.8 User Testing
20.9 A/B Testing
20.10 Human–Computer Interaction
20.10.1 GOMS and Other Models
20.10.2 Wireframes
20.11 Design Thinking
21 Human Factors and Ergonomics
21.1 Ergonomics
21.2 Ergonomics and the Normal Distribution
21.3 Workstation Design and the Application of Ergonomics
21.4 Training and Ergonomics
21.5 Manual Handling
21.6 Command and Control Systems Evaluation
21.7 A Total Quality Management Approach to Ergonomics
Part VI Human Factors in Context
22 Human Factors and Automation
22.1 Automated Systems and Human Performance
22.1.1 Automated Systems and Interface Design
22.1.2 The ‘Out of the Loop’ Syndrome
22.1.3 Cooperative Automated Systems
22.1.4 Adaptable Systems
22.2 Automated Systems and Reliability
22.3 Automation and Cognitive Work Analysis
22.4 Work Domain Analysis
22.4.1 Control Task Analysis
22.4.2 Strategies Analysis
22.4.3 Social Organisation and Cooperation Analysis
22.4.4 Worker Competencies Analysis
22.5 Implications of Cognitive Work Analysis
23 Human Factors and Aviation Systems
23.1 The Significance of Survivability
23.2 Crash Survivability
23.3 Cabin Safety Hazards
23.3.1 Overhead Lockers
23.3.2 Fire Hazards
23.3.3 Exits and Evacuation
23.4 Process Control
23.4.1 The Origins of Air Traffic Control
23.4.2 The Role of Air Traffic Control
23.4.3 The Flight Progress Strip: A Human Factors Case
23.5 Process Control and Situational Awareness
23.6 Workload Management and Process Control
23.7 The Significance of Displays
23.8 The CDTI: A Case Study in Displays
23.8.1 Pictorial Representation
23.8.2 Display Size and Position
23.8.3 Compatibility of Movement
23.8.4 Luminance and Contrast
23.8.5 Conceptual Compatibility
23.8.6 Colour
23.8.7 Display Mode
23.8.8 Probability Estimation
23.8.9 Decision-Making
24 Human Factors and Energy
24.1 Energy Generation and Transmission
24.2 Accident Causation in Nuclear Systems
24.3 Human Error in Nuclear Systems
24.4 Hazard Identification in Nuclear Systems
24.5 Predictive Strategies
24.5.1 Investigation of Causes
24.5.2 Immediate Responses
24.6 Requirements for Hazardous Facilities
24.7 Management and Nuclear Power
25 Human Factors and Marine Operations
25.1 The Marine Environment
25.2 Causal Network Analysis
25.3 Occupational Health in the Marine Environment
25.4 Human Factors Initiatives
25.5 Human Performance and Off-Shore Platforms
26 Human Factors and Healthcare
26.1 Human Factors and Healthcare
26.2 Resource Management and Teams
26.3 Organisational Factors and Healthcare
26.4 Resilience and Healthcare
26.5 Decisions and Reasoning
Part VII Assessment and Report Writing
27 Human Factors Testing Methodology
27.1 Human Factors Testing
27.1.1 Reliability
27.1.2 Validity
27.2 Subjective Versus Objective Data
27.3 Human Factors Methods
27.3.1 Operational Analysis
27.3.2 Functional Flow Analysis
27.3.3 Critical Incident Analysis
27.3.4 Task Analysis
27.3.5 Fault Tree Analysis
27.3.6 Physical Assessment
27.4 Ethics and Human Factors Testing
27.5 The Process of Data Acquisition
28 Human Factors Assessments
28.1 Human Factors Assessments
28.2 Human Factors Audits
28.3 Standards
28.4 International Standards Organisation (ISO) and Human Factors
28.5 Standardisation and ‘Best Practice’
28.6 Designing an Auditing Protocol
28.7 Sampling Procedures
28.8 Human Factors and Occupational Health
29 Human Reliability Analysis
29.1 Reliability Analysis
29.2 Why a Human Reliability Analysis?
29.3 The Accuracy of HRA
29.4 The Inaccuracy of HRA
29.5 Human Reliability Analysis Techniques
29.6 The Process of Human Reliability Analysis
29.6.1 Define the Problem
29.6.2 Define the Context
29.6.3 Identify Subject-Matter Experts
29.6.4 Knowledge Elicitation Techniques
29.6.5 Methods of Representation
30 Human Factors Report Writing
30.1 Report Writing
30.2 Problem Identification
30.3 Methodology
30.4 Results
30.5 Budgetary Requirements and Anticipated Outcomes
30.6 References
30.7 Approaches to Human Factors Testing
30.7.1 Reactive Human Factors Testing
30.7.2 Proactive Human Factors Testing
30.8 Human Factors Reports
30.8.1 Writing Clearly
30.8.2 Research Reports
References
Index