Internal Medicine: An Illustrated Radiological Guide

Preface
Contents
1: Gastroenterology
1.1 Liver Cirrhosis
Types of Liver Cirrhosis
1.2 Fatty Liver Disease (Liver Steatosis)
Types of Liver Steatosis
1.3 Recurrent Epigastric Pain
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (Wilkie’s Syndrome)
Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome (Celiac Trunk Compression Syndrome/Dunbar’s Syndrome)
Recurrent Abdominal Pain of Childhood
1.4 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Crohn’s Disease
Extraintestinal Manifestations of CD
Ulcerative Colitis
Extraintestinal Manifestations of UC
Differences Between Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
1.5 Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
1.6 Pancreatitis
Acute Pancreatitis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Chronic Pancreatitis
1.7 Jaundice
Kernicterus
Obstructive Jaundice
Bile Plug Syndrome
Infectious Ascending Cholangitis
Choledochal Web
1.8 Diarrhea and Malabsorption
Normal Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Common Causes of Diarrhea and Their Mechanism of Action
Sprue
Whipple’s Disease (Intestinal Lipodystrophy)
VIPoma (Verner–Morrison Syndrome/Pancreatic Cholera)
1.9 Boerhaave Syndrome
Differential Diagnosis
1.10 Multifocal Fibrosclerosis Disease
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Mediastinal Fibrosis
Riedel’s Thyroiditis
Further Reading
Liver Cirrhosis
Fatty Liver Disease (Liver Steatosis)
Recurrent Epigastric Pain
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Pancreatitis
Jaundice
Diarrhea and Malabsorption
Boerhaave Syndrome
Multifocal Fibrosclerosis Disease
2: Neurology
2.1 Stroke (Brain Infarction)
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
2.2 Stroke Diseases and Syndromes
Moyamoya Disease (Progressive Occlusive Arteritis)
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukodystrophy (CADASIL)
Diagnostic Criteria for CADASIL
Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS)
Cortical Laminar Necrosis
Man-in-the-Barrel Syndrome
Locked-In Syndrome
Brain Stem Infarction Syndromes
Subclavian Steal Syndrome
2.3 Intracranial Hemorrhage
Epidural Hematoma
Subdural Hematoma
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Intracerebral/Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage
Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage into Malignancy
2.4 Meningitis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
2.5 Encephalitis
Limbic Encephalitis
Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Hashimoto’s Encephalitis
Rasmussen Encephalitis (Rasmussen Syndrome)
Criteria to Diagnose Rasmussen Encephalitis
Measles Encephalitis
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
Japanese Encephalitis
West Nile Encephalitis
Tick-Borne Encephalitis (Spring–Summer Encephalitis)
Murray Valley Encephalitis
St. Louis Encephalitis
Encephalitis Lethargica
2.6 Epilepsy
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
2.7 Headache
Migraine
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension (Schaltenbrand Syndrome)
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri)
Temporal (Giant) Cell Arteritis
2.8 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis
The Concept of Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging
Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic’s Syndrome)
Marburg’s Type MS
Baló Concentric Sclerosis
Schilder’s Disease (Diffuse Myelinoclastic Sclerosis)
Susac’s Syndrome
Guillain–Barré Syndrome
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
2.9 Parkinsonism
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
2.10 Dementia
Alzheimer’s Disease
Vascular Dementia
Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (Pick’s Disease)
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (Steele–Richardson–Olszewski Syndrome)
Multiple System Atrophy (Shy–Drager Syndrome)
Subcortical Arteriosclerotic Encephalopathy (Binswanger’s Disease)
Prion Disease
2.11 Huntington’s Disease
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
2.12 Heat Stroke (Pancerebellar Syndrome)
2.13 Aphasia
Neural Control of Speech
Aphasia Pathophysiology and Subtypes
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
2.14 Squint (Strabismus)
Neural Control of Ocular Muscles
Pathophysiology
Related Disorders
2.15 Nystagmus
Neural Control of Eye Movement
Nystagmus Subtypes
2.16 Erectile Dysfunction
Neural Control Human Sexual Behavior
Pathophysiology
Erectile Dysfunction Differential Diagnoses
2.17 Neuromuscular Diseases
2.18 Neurogenic Stuttering
2.19 Decompression Sickness
2.20 Spinal Cord Syndromes
2.21 Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
Further Reading
Stroke (Brain Infarction)
Stroke Diseases and Syndromes
Intracranial Hemorrhage
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Epilepsy
Headache
Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Diseases
Parkinsonism
Dementia
Huntington’s Disease
Heat Stroke (Pancerebellar Syndrome)
Aphasia
Squint (Strabismus)
Nystagmus
Erectile Dysfunction
Neuromuscular Diseases
Neurogenic Stuttering
Decompression Sickness
Spinal Cord Syndromes
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension
3: Endocrinology and Metabolism
3.1 Graves’ Disease (Hyperthyroidism)
3.2 Hyperparathyroidism
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
3.3 Growth Hormone Diseases
Growth Hormone Insufficiency (Hypopituitarism)
Acromegaly and Gigantism
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Growth Hormone Insensitivity (Laron Syndrome)
Carney’s Complex
Carney’s Complex Major Diagnostic Criteria
3.4 Osteoporosis
Primary Osteoporosis
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan
Secondary Osteoporosis
Regional Migratory Osteoporosis of the Hip (Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome)
3.5 Rickets and Osteomalacia
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
3.6 Scurvy
3.7 Fluorosis
3.8 Lead Poisoning (Plumbism)
3.9 Adrenal Gland Abnormalities
Cushing’s Syndrome
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Conn’s Syndrome (Hyperaldosteronism)
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Addison’s Disease
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Pheochromocytoma
Neuroblastoma
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors
3.10 Sex Hormone Abnormalities
Polycystic Ovary Disease (Stein–Leventhal Syndrome)
Precocious Puberty
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Van Wyk and Grumbach Syndrome
Gynecomastia
Intersex Disorders
Female Pseudohermaphroditism
3.11 Sheehan Syndrome (Postpartum Hypopituitarism)
3.12 Hypothyroidism
3.13 Gynecomastia
Further Reading
Graves’ Disease (Hyperthyroidism)
Hyperparathyroidism
Growth Hormone Diseases
Osteoporosis
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Scurvy
Fluorosis
Lead Poisoning (Plumbism)
Adrenal Gland Abnormalities
Sex Hormone Abnormalities
Sheehan Syndrome (Postpartum Hypopituitarism)
Hypothyroidism
Gynecomastia
4: Nephrology
4.1 Hypertension
Renal Artery Stenosis
The Normal Renal Artery Waveform Parameters
Coarctation of the Aorta
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Takayasu Arteritis
Criteria for TA Diagnosis (TA Diagnosis Requires At Least Three Criteria)
Midaortic Syndrome
Preeclampsia
Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (Hypertensive Encephalopathy)
Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney)
Signs on Doppler Sonography
Riley–Day Syndrome (Familial Dysautonomia)
Stafne’s Bone Defect of the Mandible
Hypertensive Heart Disease
4.2 Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Acquired Polycystic Kidney Disease
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
4.3 Renal Failure
4.4 Intrathoracic Kidney
4.5 Calciphylaxis
4.6 Oxalosis
4.7 Hypercalciuria
4.8 Cystinosis
4.9 Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Further Reading
Hypertension
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Renal Failure
Intrathoracic Kidney
Calciphylaxis
Oxalosis
Hypercalciuria
Cystinosis
Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
5: Cardiology
5.1 Acute Chest Pain
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Aortic Dissection
Aortic Dissection Is Classified According to the Stanford and DeBakey Classifications
Stanford Classification
DeBakey Classification
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Aortic Intramural Hematoma
Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer
5.2 Diseases of the Great Vessels
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Pulmonary Hypertension
Causes of PHT
Coral Reef Aorta
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
5.3 Myocardial Diseases (Cardiomyopathies)
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy (Spongy Myocardium)
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (Cardiomyopathy of Pregnancy)
5.4 Endocarditis
Infective Endocarditis
Major Criteria
Minor Criteria
Löffler’s Endocarditis (Eosinophilic Endomyocardial Disease)
Marantic Endocarditis (Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis)
5.5 Pericardial Diseases
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Further Reading
Acute Chest Pain
Diseases of the Great Vessels
Myocardial Diseases (Cardiomyopathies)
Endocarditis
Pericardial Diseases
6: Rheumatology
6.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
6.2 Ankylosing Spondylitis (Marie–Strümpell Disease)
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
6.3 Gout Arthritis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
6.4 CPPD and HADD
Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition Disease
Hydroxyapatite Crystal Deposition Disease
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
6.5 Osteoarthritis
6.6 Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
6.7 Baastrup’s Disease (Spinout Process Impingement Syndrome)
6.8 Scheuermann’s Disease (Juvenile Kyphosis Dorsalis)
Criteria for Scheuermann’s Disease Diagnosis
6.9 Sjögren’s Syndrome (Myoepithelial Sialadenitis)
Criteria to Diagnose SS
6.10 Behçet Disease
Clinical Criteria to Diagnose BD Require a Combination of Three or More of the Following Findings
6.11 Sharp Syndrome (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease)
6.12 Relapsing Polychondritis
Diagnostic Criteria for Relapsing Polychondritis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
MAGIC Syndrome
6.13 Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
6.14 Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Unusual Presentations of Polymyalgia Rheumatica
6.15 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Brown’s Syndrome
6.16 Frozen Shoulder
6.17 Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome
Further Reading
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis (Marie–Strümpell Disease)
Gout Arthritis
CPPD and HADD
Osteoarthritis
Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis
Baastrup’s Disease (Spinout Process Impingement Syndrome)
Scheuermann’s Disease (Juvenile Kyphosis Dorsalis)
Sjögren’s Syndrome (Myoepithelial Sialadenitis)
Behçet Disease
Sharp Syndrome (Mixed Connective Tissue Disease)
Relapsing Polychondritis
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Frozen Shoulder
Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome
7: Pulmonology
7.1 Pleural Diseases
Pleural Effusion
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Pneumothorax
Pleural Calcification
7.2 Alveolar Lung Diseases
Types of Alveolar Lung Diseases
Pulmonary Edema
How to Differentiate Between Cardiogenic Edema from ARDS on Plain Chest Radiographs?
Pneumonia
Types of Pneumonias
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
7.3 Atelectasis (Lung Collapse)
Types of Pulmonary Atelectases
7.4 Sarcoidosis
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis Has Five Radiological Grades on Plain Chest Radiograph
Hepatic, Splenic, and Gastric Sarcoidosis
Dermatological Sarcoidosis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Neurosarcoid
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Musculoskeletal Sarcoidosis
Head and Neck Sarcoidosis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Genitourinary Sarcoidosis
7.5 Emphysema
7.6 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
Lymphoid Interstitial Pneumonia
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (Hamman–Rich Syndrome)
7.7 Histiocytoses
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Infection-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome
Omenn Syndrome
Chédiak–Higashi Disease
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Rosai–Dorfman Disease (Sinus Histiocytosis)
Xanthoma Disseminatum (Montgomery Syndrome)
Erdheim–Chester Disease (Lipogranulomatosis)
How Can You Differentiate ECD from HSCD?
7.8 Hemoptysis
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration
Anomalous Systemic Artery Supplying Normal Lung Parenchyma
Pulmonary Vasculitis
Cardiac Bronchus
Dieulafoy Disease
7.9 Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
Pulmonary Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
Nasal and Sinus Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
Gastrointestinal (GI) Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
Genitourinary Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis
7.10 Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
OSAS and Obesity
OSAS and Endocrine–Metabolic Abnormalities
OSAS and Cardiovascular Diseases
Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
Central Alveolar Apnea Syndrome (Ondine’s Curse)
Cheyne–Stokes Respiration
Uncommon and Rare Causes of Sleep Apnea
Further Reading
Pleural Diseases
Alveolar Lung Diseases
Atelectasis (Lung Collapse)
Sarcoidosis
Emphysema
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Histiocytoses
Hemoptysis
Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis)
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
8: Dermatology
8.1 Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
8.2 Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe Disease)
8.3 Dermatomyositis
8.4 Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria)
8.5 Lymphedema
Causes of Primary Lymphedemas
Causes of Secondary Lymphedemas
Differential Diagnoses of Lymphedema
8.6 Neuropathic Itch (Pruritus)
Neural Control Pruritus
Differential Diagnoses of Neuropathic Itch
8.7 Cutis Verticis Gyrata
Further Reading
Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)
Lipoid Proteinosis (Urbach–Wiethe Disease)
Dermatomyositis
Ochronosis (Alkaptonuria)
Lymphedema
Neuropathic Itch (Pruritus)
Cutis Verticis Gyrata
9: Hematology
9.1 Hemosiderosis and Hemochromatosis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
9.2 β-Thalassemia Major (Cooley’s Anemia)
9.3 Sickle Cell Disease
The Lungs in SCD
The Skeletal System in SCD
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
The Brain in SCD
The Spleen in SCD
9.4 Pernicious Anemia
9.5 Hemophilia
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
9.6 Lymphomas
Cotswolds Staging of Lymphoma
Criteria for Therapy Response Assessment
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
9.7 Leukemia
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
9.8 Multiple Myeloma (Kahler’s Disease)
9.9 Amyloidosis
Classification of Amyloidosis (Clinical Based Classification)
Localized Amyloidosis
9.10 Evans’ Syndrome
9.11 Other Lymphatic Disorders
Castleman’s Disease (Angiofollicular Lymph Node Hyperplasia)
Kikuchi–Fujimoto Disease (Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis)
Kimura’s Disease
9.12 Mastocytosis
9.13 Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia
9.14 Autosplenectomy
9.15 Splenomegaly
Further Reading
Hemosiderosis and Hemochromatosis
β-Thalassemia Major (Cooley’s Anemia)
Sickle Cell Disease
Pernicious Anemia
Hemophilia
Lymphomas
Leukemia
Multiple Myeloma (Kahler’s Disease)
Amyloidosis
Evans’ Syndrome
Other Lymphatic Disorders
Mastocytosis
Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia
Autosplenectomy
Splenomegaly
10: Diabetology
10.1 Diabetic Hand and Diabetic Foot
Diabetic Angiopathy
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Osteopathy, and Infections
Diabetic Myonecrosis
Diabetic Skin Changes and Infections
The Role of Doppler Sonography in DM
Spectral Flow Abnormalities on Doppler Scan of the Lower Limbs
The Role of MRI in DM
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
10.2 Diabetic Brain and Nervous System
10.3 Diabetic Syndromes
Alström Syndrome
Ophthalmologic Clinical Findings
Auditory Clinical Findings
Metabolic and General Clinical Findings
Renal Clinical Findings
Dermatological Clinical Findings
Bardet–Biedl Syndrome
Leprechaunism (Donohue Syndrome)
Prader–Willi Syndrome
Wolcott–Rallison Syndrome
Wolfram Syndrome (DIDMOAD)
Ophthalmologic Clinical Findings
Auditory Clinical Findings
Metabolic and General Clinical Findings
Renal Clinical Findings
Neurological Clinical Findings
Rabson–Mendenhall Syndrome
Metabolic and General Clinical Findings
Renal Clinical Findings
Dermatological Clinical Findings
10.4 Diabetes Insipidus
10.5 Obesity, Gastric Banding, and Liposuction
Hormonal Obesity
Syndromic/Pathologic Obesity
Drug-Induced Obesity
Evaluation of Fat Within the Body
Quantitative Assessment of Visceral Fat by US
Quantitative Assessment of Visceral Fat by CT and MRI
Gastric Banding
Liposuction
10.6 Lipoatrophic-Lipodystrophic Syndromes
Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy (Seip–Berardinelli Syndrome)
Familial Partial Lipodystrophy (Dunnigan–Kobberling Syndrome)
Mandibuloacral Dysplasia
Acquired Generalized Lipoatrophy (Lawrence–Seip Syndrome)
Acquired Partial Lipoatrophy (Barraquer–Simons Syndrome)
Parry–Romberg Syndrome (Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy)
10.7 Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic Nephropathy
Renal Papillary Necrosis
Diabetic Cystopathy (Neurogenic Bladder)
Calcification of the Vas Deferens
Emphysematous Cystitis
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
10.8 Lipomatosis
Intestinal Lipomatosis
Pelvic Lipomatosis
Epidural Lipomatosis
Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis Syndrome (Haberland Syndrome)
Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Interatrial Septum
10.9 Hypoglycemia
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Further Reading
Diabetic Hand and Diabetic Foot
Diabetic Brain and Nervous System
Diabetic Syndromes
Diabetes Insipidus
Obesity, Gastric Banding, and Liposuction
Lipoatrophic-Lipodystrophic Syndromes
Diabetic Nephropathy
Lipomatosis
Hypoglycemia
11: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine
11.1 Fever
11.2 Giardiasis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
11.3 Amebiasis
Intestinal Amebiasis
Hepatic Amebiasis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Thoracic Amebiasis
Brain Amebiasis
11.4 Leprosy (Hansen Disease)
Skin Involvement
Nerve Involvement
Eye Involvement
Mucosal Involvement
Bone Involvement
Post-therapy Leprosy
11.5 Toxoplasmosis
11.6 Brucellosis (Malta Fever)
11.7 Neurocysticercosis
11.8 Ascariasis
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
11.9 Guinea Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis)
11.10 Hydatid Cyst (Echinococcosis)
Echinococcus granulosus Disease
Grading of the Liver Lesions by E. granulosus
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Echinococcus alveolaris Disease
11.11 Chagas’ Disease (American Trypanosoma)
Acute Chagas’ Disease
ECG Abnormalities
Sub-acute Chagas’ Disease
Latent Chagas’ Disease
Chronic Chagas’ Disease
11.12 Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)
Schistosoma Life Cycle
Schistosomiasis by S. japonicum
Schistosomiasis by S. mansoni
Schistosomiasis by S. haematobium
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
11.13 Tuberculosis
Pulmonary TB
Pleural TB
Miliary TB
Abdominal TB
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Hepatic TB
Central Nervous System TB
Genitourinary TB
Musculoskeletal TB
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Tuberculous Lymphadenitis
Dermatological TB
11.14 Typhoid Fever (Salmonellosis)
11.15 Malaria
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
11.16 Animal Bites and Stings
Rabies
Viper Bite
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Hymenoptera Stings
11.17 Filariasis
11.18 Most Common Infections Causing Human Filariasis
11.19 Fever of Unknown Origin
11.20 Aspergillosis
Further Reading
Fever
Giardiasis
Amebiasis
Leprosy (Hansen Disease)
Toxoplasmosis
Brucellosis (Malta Fever)
Neurocysticercosis
Ascariasis
Guinea Worm Disease (Dracunculiasis)
Hydatid Cyst (Echinococcosis)
Chagas’ Disease (American Trypanosoma)
Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)
Tuberculosis
Typhoid Fever (Salmonellosis)
Malaria
Filariasis
Most Common Infections Causing Human Filariasis
Fever of Unknown Origin
Aspergillosis
12: Occupational Medicine and Toxicology
12.1 Medications Toxicity
Antibiotics
Metformin (Glucophage, Oral Hypoglycemics)
Methotrexate
Hypervitaminosis A
Anticonvulsants
Amiodarone Toxicity
Cyclosporine A
Glucocorticoids
Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media
12.2 Drugs of Abuse
Cocaine and Heroin (Opioids)
Cocaine Effect on Different Body Systems
Alcohol
Toluene Toxicity
Methanol Toxicity
Amphetamines Abuse
Marijuana
Butane Poisoning
12.3 Gases, Inorganic, and Chemical Poisoning
Arsenic Poisoning
Mercury Poisoning
Chronic Beryllium Disease (Berylliosis)
Pneumoconiosis
Insecticides and Rodenticides Poisoning
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Manganese Poisoning
Thallium Poisoning (Thallotoxicosis)
Methyl Bromide Poisoning
Tattoos
12.4 Botanical, Environmental, and Organic Poisoning
Hypersensitivity Lung Diseases (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
Cyanide Poisoning
Botulism
Types of Botulism
12.5 Drug-Induced Radiological Changes
Further Reading
Medications Toxicity
Drugs of Abuse
Gases, Inorganic, and Chemical Poisoning
Botanical, Environmental, and Organic Poisoning
Drug-Induced Radiological Changes
13: Chiropractic Medicine
13.1 The Human Fascia
13.2 Vertebral Malalignment (Subluxation) Syndromes
Anatomy
Somatovisceral Malalignment Symptoms
Imaging Signs
13.3 Facet Joint Syndrome
Basic Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Imaging Signs
13.4 Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Some Known Symptomatology of Myofascial Trigger Points Origin
Imaging of a Case Study
13.5 Spinal Transitional Zone Syndromes
Basic Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Cervico-Occipital Transitional Zone Syndrome
Cervicothoracic Transitional Zone Syndrome
Thoracolumbar Transitional Zone Syndrome
Imaging Signs
Lumbosacral Transitional Zone Syndrome
Imaging Signs
13.6 The Dentate Ligament-Cord Distortion Phenomenon
Imaging Signs
13.7 Cervicogenic Headache
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Imaging Signs
13.8 Cervicogenic Vertigo and Tinnitus
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Imaging Signs
13.9 Whiplash-Associated Disorder
Basic Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Imaging Signs
13.10 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Basic Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Imaging Signs
13.11 Upper and Lower Crossed Syndromes
Imaging Signs
13.12 Lumbago
Imaging Signs
13.13 Shin Splint Syndrome
Imaging Signs
13.14 Cuboid Syndrome
Imaging Signs
13.15 Scoliosis, Kyphosis, and Lordosis
Imaging Signs
13.16 Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
Basic Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Imaging Signs
13.17 Psoas Syndrome
Basic Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Imaging Signs
13.18 Piriformis Muscle Syndrome
Basic Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Imaging Signs
13.19 Coccydynia
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Differential Diagnoses and Related Diseases
Imaging Signs
Further Reading
The Human Fascia
Vertebral Malalignment (Subluxation) Syndromes
Facet Joint Syndrome
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
Spinal Transitional Zone Syndromes
The Dentate Ligament-Cord Distortion Phenomenon
Cervicogenic Headache
Cervicogenic Vertigo and Tinnitus
Whiplash-Associated Disorder
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Upper and Lower Crossed Syndromes
Lumbago
Shin Splint Syndrome
Cuboid Syndrome
Scoliosis, Kyphosis, and Lordosis
Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
Psoas Syndrome
Piriformis Muscle Syndrome
Coccydynia
14: Energy Medicine
14.1 Microcurrent Therapy
Basic Electrical Healing Physiology
Microcurrent Therapy Benefits
Microcurrent Therapy Healing Mechanisms
Microcurrent Healing Cases
14.2 Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy
Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs)
Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) and Body Metabolism
PEMF Therapy Healing Cases
14.3 Phototherapy
Further Reading
Microcurrent Therapy
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy
Phototherapy
15: Autonomic Medicine
15.1 The Sympathetic Nervous System
15.2 The Parasympathetic Nervous System
15.3 The Enteric Nervous System
15.4 The Polyvagal Theory
15.5 Glénard’s Disease (Visceroptosis)
15.6 Serotonin Syndrome
15.7 NMDA Excitotoxicity
15.8 Horner’s Syndrome
Differential Diagnoses
15.9 The Ileocecal Valve Syndrome
15.10 Pudendal Neuralgia
15.11 Pterygopalatine Neuralgia
15.12 Carotidynia
15.13 Medulla Oblongata Vascular Compression Syndrome
15.14 Hiccup
15.15 Perineural Spread of Diseases
Further Reading
The Sympathetic Nervous System
The Parasympathetic Nervous System
The Enteric Nervous System
The Polyvagal Theory
Glénard’s Disease (Visceroptosis)
Serotonin Syndrome
NMDA Excitotoxicity
Horner’s Syndrome
The Ileocecal Valve Syndrome
Pudendal Neuralgia
Pterygopalatine Neuralgia
Carotidynia
Medulla Oblongata Vascular Compression Syndrome
Hiccup
Perineural Spread of Diseases
16: Psychosomatic Medicine
16.1 The Limbic System
16.2 Thalamic Syndromes
16.3 Hypothalamic Syndromes
16.4 The Amygdala Syndrome
16.5 Septal Rage Syndrome
16.6 The Frontal Lobe Syndrome
16.7 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
16.8 Dream Disorders
16.9 Pinealoprive Syndrome
Further Reading
The Limbic System
Thalamic Syndromes
Hypothalamic Syndromes
The Amygdala Syndrome
Septal Rage Syndrome
The Frontal Lobe Syndrome
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Dream Disorders
Pinealoprive Syndrome
17: Forensic Medicine
17.1 Thanatology
Postmortem Changes
Postmortem CT (Virtopsy) Protocol
PMCT Report Checklist
17.2 Ballistic Injuries
Mechanism of Tissue Injury in Ballistics
17.3 Child Abuse
Battered Child Syndrome (Skeletal Child Abuse)
Skeletal Survey for Child Abuse
Differential Diagnosis of Child Abuse Skeletal Findings
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Abdominal Injuries
Further Reading
Thanatology
Ballistic Injuries
Child Abuse
Index