Intelligent Transportation Systems: Theory and Practice

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Authors
1 Introduction to Intelligent Transportation System
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background/Literature Review
1.3 Intelligent Transportation Technologies, Evolution and History
1.4 Future of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Smart Cities
1.4.1 Analyzing Public Attitudes and Perceptions from Cyber Sources
1.4.2 CSP Traffic Network Modeling
1.5 Cooperative System Over the Road Network
1.6 Smart Transportation System
1.7 Current Trends in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs)
1.8 Intelligent Cities and Related Artificial Intelligence Techniques Reviews
1.9 Critical Issues and Challenges in Intelligent Transportation System
1.10 Current Issues and Challenges in Wired, Wireless, and Vehicular Technology
1.11 Conclusion
References
2 Intelligent Transportation System: Past, Present, and Future
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background/Literature Review
2.3 History of Intelligent Transportation System
2.3.1 Early History
2.3.2 The 1980s
2.3.3 The 1990s
2.3.4 The 2000s
2.3.5 The 2010s
2.3.6 2015–2020
2.3.7 2021-The Future
2.4 Existing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
2.4.1 Traffic Management Center (TMC)
2.4.2 Dynamic Message Sign (DMS)
2.4.3 Lane Control and Variable Speed Limit Signs (LCS and VSL)
2.4.4 Overheight Vehicle Detection Systems (OVDS)
2.5 Fundamental Problems in Indian Transportation System
2.5.1 Faculty Planning of Transport System
2.5.2 Lack of Rail Road Coordination
2.5.3 Worn Out and Obsolete Assets
2.5.4 Improved Technology
2.6 Solutions for the Problems in Indian Transportation System
2.7 Future of Intelligent Transportation System
2.7.1 Traffic Management Center (TMC)
2.7.2 Automatic Incident Detection (AID) Systems
2.7.3 Impact on Road Safety
2.8 A Connected Environment for Smart Mobility
2.9 Intelligent Transportation System Applications
2.9.1 Road Safety Application
2.9.2 Traffic Management Applications
2.9.3 Autonomous Driving Applications
2.9.4 Infotainment and Comfort Applications
2.9.5 Emergency Vehicle Notification Systems
2.10 Intelligent Transportation System Early Findings
2.10.1 Traffic Signal Control
2.10.2 Traffic Management and Surveillance
2.10.3 Incident Management
2.10.4 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)
2.10.5 Transit Management
2.10.6 Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)
2.10.7 Vehicle Control Technologies
2.10.8 Human Factors
2.11 Conclusion
References
3 Applications of Vehicles and Its Related Technology in Previous and the Next Decade
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Related Work
3.3 Applications of 4G-Based Versus 5G-Based Vehicles
3.4 Next-Generation (NG)-Based Future Vehicles
3.4.1 Next-Generation Vehicle Concepts
3.4.2 Next Generation—Energy Management Technologies
3.4.3 Next Generation—Future Powertrain Technologies
3.4.4 Next Generation—Mechatronic Chassis Technologies
3.4.5 Next Generation—Vehicle Intelligence
3.4.6 Next Generation—Body Development and Technologies
3.5 Hyperloop Transportation System
3.5.1 Basic Principle, Construction, and Working of Hyperloop Transportation System
3.6 Electric Vehicles
3.7 Hybrid Vehicles
3.7.1 Cost
3.7.2 Fuel Economy
3.7.3 Infrastructure Availability
3.7.4 Emissions
3.7.5 Batteries
3.8 Connected Vehicles
3.8.1 Why Connected Vehicle Technologies are Needed
3.8.2 How Connected Vehicles Work
3.8.3 How Connected Vehicles Will Improve Safety
3.8.4 How Connected Vehicles Will Keep People Moving
3.9 Vehicle Data Collection, Emerging Vehicle, and Intelligent Transport Technology
3.9.1 Vehicle Data Collection
3.9.2 Emergency Vehicle Notification System
3.9.3 Intelligent Transportation Technology
3.9.4 Video Vehicle Detection
3.9.5 Audio Detection
3.9.6 Sensing
3.9.7 Inductive Loop Detection
3.10 Other Vehicles
3.10.1 Self-driving Cars
3.10.2 Autonomous Motorbikes
3.10.3 Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Transport
3.10.4 Autonomous Vehicles
3.11 Applications of Vehicles Connected Through Intelligent Transportation System
3.12 Conclusion
References
4 Autonomous Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Systems—A Framework of Intelligent Vehicles
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Six Levels of Autonomous Vehicles
4.1.2 Autonomous Vehicle Advantages
4.2 Related Work
4.3 Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles
4.3.1 Objectives of Autonomous Vehicles
4.3.2 Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles (AIV) Mobile Robots
4.4 Autonomous Vehicles
4.4.1 Early Advances in Autonomous Vehicles
4.4.2 Obstacles to Adoption of Autonomous Cars Technology
4.5 A Framework of Intelligent Vehicles/ITS
4.5.1 Region Correspondence of Driving Brain and Human Brain Functions
4.5.2 Framework Based on Driving Brain
4.6 Issues and Challenges in Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles
4.6.1 Improved Safety
4.6.2 Privacy Protection Towards Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles
4.6.3 Business Opportunities and Increasing Revenue
4.6.4 Ease of Use and Convenience
4.6.5 Improving Traffic Conditions
4.6.6 Autonomous Parking
4.6.7 Byer-Driven Methodology
4.6.8 Others Services
4.7 Research Opportunities in Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles
4.7.1 Implementation of Computer Vision in Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles
4.7.2 Implementation of Machine and Deep Learning Techniques
4.7.3 Sensors, Communications, and Control in Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles
4.7.4 Decision-Making for Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles
4.7.5 Real-World Tests of Autonomous Intelligent Vehicles
4.8 Problems with IPv4, IPv6, and Future with IPv9 of Vehicles
4.8.1 Problems with IPv4
4.8.2 Problems with IPv6
4.8.3 Future with IPv9
4.9 A Survey on Autonomous Vehicles in Highway Scenarios
4.10 Conclusion
References
5 Vehicle Localization and Navigation
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Sensors and Instrumentation
5.1.2 Localization System Designs for Autonomous Driving
5.1.3 Relative Localization
5.2 Related Work
5.3 Message Passing in the Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Cloud Vehicles
5.3.1 Perception Layer
5.3.2 Network Layer
5.3.3 Application Layer
5.4 Vehicle Localization and Navigation
5.4.1 Dead Reckoning and Inertial Navigation
5.4.2 Acoustic Navigation
5.4.3 Geophysical Navigation
5.4.4 Optical Navigation
5.4.5 Simultaneous Location and Mapping (SLAM)
5.4.6 Sensor Fusion
5.5 Road Detection and Tracking
5.6 Integrated Global Positioning System (GPS)-Enabled Vehicles
5.7 Multiple Sensor-Based Multiple-object Tracking
5.8 Vehicle Navigation and Tracking in the Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Cloud Vehicles
5.9 Issues and Challenges in Vehicle Localization and Navigation
5.10 Conclusion and Future of Localization in Autonomous Driving
References
6 Environmental Sustainability for Intelligent Transportation System
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Mobile Infrastructure
6.1.2 Static Infrastructure
6.2 Background/Literature Review
6.3 Mobile Elements of Intelligent Transportation System/Intelligent Vehicles
6.3.1 Vehicle Operation
6.3.2 Navigation
6.3.3 Driver
6.4 Types of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
6.5 Environment Sustainability in Intelligent Transport Systems
6.6 Techniques for Environmental Sustainability in Intelligent Transport Systems
6.7 Challenges in Environmental Sustainability in Intelligent Transportation System
6.7.1 Reducing Costs
6.7.2 Responding to Stakeholder Influences
6.7.3 Achieving Competitive Advantage
6.7.4 Strategic Position
6.7.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
6.7.6 Priorities and Policies
6.7.7 Budgets
6.8 Environmental Management Systems for Intelligent Transportation System
6.8.1 Information and Data Capture
6.8.2 Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
6.8.3 Carbon Footprinting
6.8.4 Water Footprinting
6.9 Future Development of Intelligent Transportation System
6.9.1 Wireless Communication and Data Aggregation
6.9.2 Low-Tech Solutions
6.10 Conclusion
References
7 Fog and Edge Computing in Navigation of Intelligent Transportation System
7.1 Introduction—Fog and Edge Computing
7.2 Related Work
7.3 Routing in the Internet of Things-Based Cloud Vehicles
7.4 Tracking and Navigating Intelligent Vehicles
7.4.1 Global Positioning System (GPS)
7.4.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
7.5 Security-Based Architecture Using Cloud Computing
7.5.1 Importance of Cloud Security Architecture
7.5.2 Cloud Security Core Capabilities
7.5.3 IaaS Cloud Computing Security Architecture
7.5.4 PaaS Cloud Computing Security Architecture
7.5.5 SaaS Cloud Computing Security Architecture
7.6 Secure, Privacy Preserved Architecture for Future Vehicles Using Fog Computing
7.6.1 Network Model
7.6.2 Security and Privacy-Preserving Approach
7.7 Secure, Privacy Preserved Architecture for Future Vehicles Using Edge Computing
7.7.1 Cloud Layer
7.7.2 Edge Cloud Layer
7.7.3 Smart Vehicular Layer
7.7.4 SDN-Supported Components
7.8 Recent Trends in Intelligent Transportation System
7.9 Future Research Opportunities for Edge Computing-Based Vehicles
7.9.1 Computation Offloading
7.9.2 Edge Computing and 5G
7.9.3 Mobility
7.9.4 Security and Privacy
7.9.5 Heterogeneity
7.9.6 Reliability
7.9.7 Storage Data Models
7.9.8 Billing
7.10 Conclusion
References
8 Security, Privacy, and Trust Issues in Intelligent Transportation System
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Radio Jamming Attack
8.1.2 Replay Attack
8.1.3 Roll Jam Wireless Attack
8.2 Related Work
8.3 Requirement of Security, Privacy, and Trust in Connected Vehicles
8.3.1 Attack Surface in Evolved Intelligent Transportation System
8.3.2 Trust in the Evolved C-ITS
8.3.3 Issues Related to the Cloud Computing of the Cognitive Engine
8.3.4 Issues Related to Learning Algorithms in the Cognitive Engine
8.4 Cryptographic Approaches in Intelligent Transportation System
8.4.1 Physical Keys
8.4.2 Physical Keys with the Immobilizer
8.4.3 Keyless Remote Entry (RKE)
8.4.4 Passive Remote Keyless Entry (PRKE)
8.4.5 Remote Keyless Ignition Systems (RKI)
8.4.6 Asymmetric or Public-Key Algorithms
8.5 Biometric-Based Intelligent Transportation System
8.6 Blockchain-Based Intelligent Transportation System
8.6.1 Intelligent Transportation Under Blockchain: Economic Aspect
8.6.2 Intelligent Transportation Under Blockchain: Environmental Aspect
8.7 Peer-to-Peer Ride Sharing Using Blockchain in Intelligent Transportation System
8.7.1 Peer-to-Peer Ride Sharing
8.7.2 Current Ride Share Scenario
8.7.3 Application of Blockchain Concepts in Ride Sharing
8.8 Automotive Intelligent Transportation System
8.9 Different Services of Intelligent Transportation System
8.10 Conclusion
References
9 Intelligent Transportation System: Need, Working, and Tools
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Background/Literature Review
9.3 Intelligent Transportation System Emergency Vehicle Scenario
9.3.1 The Scenarios of Scheduling Several Emergency Vehicles at the Same Cycle
9.3.2 All Emergency Vehicles Are Close
9.3.3 All Emergency Vehicles Are Far
9.3.4 Some Emergency Vehicles Are Close, and Some Are Far
9.4 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Model for Intelligent Transportation System
9.5 Need of Intelligent Transportation System
9.5.1 Mobility ITS
9.5.2 Need of Intelligent Transportation System
9.5.3 Safety ITS
9.5.4 Environment ITS
9.5.5 Communication Solutions for Intelligent Transportation Systems
9.6 Working of Intelligent Transportation System
9.6.1 Enabling Technologies for an Intelligent Transportation System
9.6.2 Users of the Intelligent Transportation System Can Get Help
9.7 Critical Stages of Intelligent Transportation System
9.8 Patterns of Intelligent Transportation System Configuration
9.8.1 Comparison of Radio Communication Technologies
9.8.2 The Necessity for Location Information for Intelligent Transportation System
9.8.3 Accuracy of Location for Intelligent Transportation System
9.9 Critical Challenges Toward Implementation of Intelligent Transportation System
9.9.1 Weak Strategy
9.9.2 Ineffective Training
9.9.3 Lack of Resources
9.10 Intelligent User Services in Intelligent Transportation System
9.10.1 Travel and Traffic Management
9.10.2 Public Transportation Operations
9.10.3 Electronic Payment
9.11 The Architecture of Intelligent Transportation System
9.11.1 User Services and Their Needs
9.11.2 Rational Construction
9.11.3 Physical Architecture
9.11.4 Equipment Packages
9.11.5 Market Package
9.12 Conclusion
References
10 Artificial Intelligence—Internet of Things-Based Intelligent Transportation System
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Review
10.3 Artificial Intelligence and Current Transportation Systems
10.4 Scenarios for Intelligent Transportation System
10.5 Several Attacks on Current Vehicles and Mitigation Strategies
10.6 Possible Attacks in Near Future on Autonomous Vehicles
10.7 Artificial Intelligence-Based Intelligent Transportation System Architecture
10.8 Artificial Intelligence-Based Solutions for Intelligent Transportation System
10.9 Artificial Intelligence Accomplishments in Transportation Sector Across the World
10.10 Future Scope, Issues, and Challenges towards Implemention of  Emerging Technology in ITS
10.11 Conclusion
References
11 Intelligent Transportation System Services Using Internet of Things Devices
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Literature Review
11.3 Architecture of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
11.4 Integrating Intelligent Transportation System with the Internet of Things (IoT)
11.5 Traffic Optimization by Integrating of Current Vehicles with Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
11.6 Prospects of Intelligent Transportation System with Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
11.7 Intelligent Infrastructure, Intelligent Vehicles, and Intelligent Transportation System Technologies
11.8 Intelligent Transportation System User Services
11.9 How an Intelligent Transportation System Can Solve Real Problems in Current Smart Era?
11.10 Open Issues and Challenges Toward IoT-Based ITS System
11.11 Research Statement for Future Researchers
11.12 Conclusion
References
12 Intelligent Transportation System in Internet of Things-Based Computing Environment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Literature Review
12.3 Intelligent Transportation Systems—User Services, Traffic, and Travel Management
12.4 Public Transportation Operations
12.5 Electronic Payment and Commercial Vehicle Operations
12.6 Advanced Vehicle Control and Safety Systems
12.7 Role of ITS in Near Future
12.8 Emergency Situation Management by Future Vehicles
12.9 Traffic Management Using IoT in the Near Future
12.10 Road Accident Detection Using IoTs in Near Future
12.11 Intelligent Transportation System Planning
12.12 Integrating Intelligent Transportation Systems into Transportation Planning
12.13 Conclusion
References
13 Intelligent Transportation System Based on Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Cloud Applications
13.1 Introduction About IoT, IoT-Based Cloud Applications, and Variants
13.2 Background/Literature Review
13.3 Vehicular Cloud Computing: Introduction, Features, Issues, and Future Opportunities
13.4 Smart Cities and Smart Transportation Using IoT-Based Cloud Applications
13.5 Big Data and Its Challenges, V’s of Big Data—An Intelligent Transportation System Perspective
13.5.1 V’s of Big Data with Intelligent Transportation System Perspective
13.6 Intelligent Transportation System Overview and Preliminaries, Design Requirements of Intelligent Transportation System, Design Goals
13.7 Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System: Introduction, Features, Types, Standardization, Benefits, and Future Opportunities
13.8 Internet of Vehicles: Introduction, Features, Architecture, Applications
13.8.1 IoV Architecture
13.8.2 Characteristics of Internet of Vehicle (IoV) Over Intelligent Transport System (ITS) and Autonomous Intelligent Vehicle (A.I.V.)
13.8.3 IoV Applications
13.9 Role and Activities of Cooperative Intelligent Transportation System
13.10 Open Issues and Challenges of Big Data Toward ITS
13.11 Open Issues and Challenges Toward Internet of Vehicles (IoVs)
13.12 Research Opportunities Toward ITS/Vehicle Based on IoT-Based Cloud Applications
13.12.1 Analyzing Public Attitudes and Perceptions from Cyber-Sources
13.12.2 Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) Traffic Network Modeling
13.12.3 Flow Models Under-Connected Environments
13.13 Conclusion
References
14 Management and Impact of COVID-19 on Intelligent Transportation System
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Literature Review/Background
14.3 Advanced Traveller Information System
14.4 Advanced Traffic Management System
14.5 Advanced Public Transport Management System
14.6 Emergency Management System (EMS)
14.7 Sensing in Intelligent Transportation Systems
14.8 COVID-19 Impact on the Global Intelligent Transportation System Market
14.9 Intelligent Transportation System Architecture
14.10 Open Issues, Research, and Technical Challenges
14.11 Opportunities for Future Researchers
14.12 Conclusion
References
15 Future Intelligent Vehicles: Open Issues, Critical Challenges, and Research Opportunities
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Literature Review/Background
15.3 Attack Mitigated on the Wireless Devices Connected to the Vehicles
15.3.1 Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks
15.3.2 Replay Attacks
15.3.3 Malware
15.3.4 Pseudospoofing Attacks
15.3.5 Black Hole Attacks
15.3.6 Falsified Information Attack
15.3.7 Jamming Attacks
15.4 Open Issues in Next Generation-Based Vehicles/Future Vehicles
15.4.1 Privacy
15.4.2 Security
15.4.3 Trust
15.5 Location Navigation in Future Vehicles/Intelligent Vehicles
15.6 Existed Solutions
15.6.1 Blockchain Technology-Based Future Vehicles
15.6.2 Machine Learning-Based Solutions for Future Intelligent Vehicles
15.6.3 Deep Learning-Based Solutions for Future Vehicles
15.7 Research Opportunities, Technical and Legal Challenges Toward Future Intelligent Vehicles
15.7.1 Recent Developments in the Industry
15.7.2 Challenges and Possible Solutions
15.7.3 Legal Challenges
15.8 Conclusion
References
16 Case Studies for Practice
16.1 Vehicular System and Its Dynamic Network
16.1.1 Role of ITS in Medical Field
16.1.2 The Role of ITS In-Logistics Sector
16.1.3 The Role of ITS In-Supply Chain Management
16.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
16.2.1 ITS with Futuristic Technology in Transportation Sector
16.3 Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
16.4 Satellite and Space Systems
16.5 Underwater and Maritime Systems
16.6 Smart Grid Systems
16.7 Internet of Things and Sensor Networks
16.7.1 Implementation of Autonomous Vehicle
16.8 Other Uses
References
17 Conclusion
17.1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Intelligent Transportation System
17.2 Chapter 2 Intelligent Transportation System: Past, Present, and Future
17.3 Chapter 3 Applications of Vehicles and Its Related Technology in Previous and the Next Decade
17.4 Chapter 4 Autonomous Vehicles and Intelligent Transportation Systems—A Framework of Intelligent Vehicles
17.5 Chapter 5 Vehicle Localization and Navigation
17.6 Chapter 6 Intelligent Transportation System: Methodological Approach
17.7 Chapter 7 Fog and Edge Computing in Navigation of Intelligent Transportation System
17.8 Chapter 8 Security, Privacy, and Trust in Intelligent Transportation System
17.9 Chapter 9 Intelligent Transportation System: Need, Working, Tools, and Scenario
17.10 Chapter 10 Artificial Intelligence–Internet of Things-Based Intelligent Transportation System
17.11 Chapter 11 Intelligent Transportation System Services Using Internet of Things
17.12 Chapter 12 Intelligent Transportation System in Internet of Things-Based Computing Environment
17.13 Chapter 13 Intelligent Transportation System Based on Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Cloud Applications
17.14 Chapter 14 Management and Impact of COVID-19 on Intelligent Transportation System
17.15 Chapter 15 Future Intelligent Vehicles: Open Issues, Critical Challenges, and Research Opportunities
17.16 Chapter 16 Several Case Studies have been Discussed on Topics Like
References