Integrating Spirituality into Counseling uses the Christian tradition as a starting point for developing a universal frame of reference and is predominantly based on an existential approach to counseling, one that is applicable to several faith traditions as well as spiritual but nonreligious audiences.
The chapters of this book proceed from the theoretical toward the more practical, in a logical fashion, allowing a clear distinction between different topics, starting from meta-reflection and finishing with practical applications. The design of the book allows students to focus on whatever is of importance to them; each chapter is self-contained and can be read independently of the others.
Integrating Spirituality into Counseling is designed for students of counseling, pastoral care, spirituality, theology, and chaplaincy. It will provide readers with the tools they need to work with spiritual issues across traditions. Students will also find advice for when to refer clients to religious leaders or ministers, and they’ll also deepen their understanding of the ways in which spirituality influences one’s life.
Author(s): Andrzej K. Jastrzębski
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 250
City: New York
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Figures
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Introduction
1 Defining Spirituality
Introduction
Historical Origins
A Transitional Period
The Contemporary Standpoint
General Directions in Defining Spirituality
Ontological Or Substantive Definitions
Functional Definitions
Mixed Definitions
Author’s Typology of Definitions
Existential Interpretation of the Typology Based On the Concept of Self-Transcendence
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
2 Researching and Measuring Spirituality Challenges and Opportunities
General Problems in Researching Human Phenomena
Reductionism
Complexity of Mental Phenomena
Subjective Experience
Non-representative Samples
Problematic Relationship Between Religion and Spirituality
Religiosity as a Subcategory of Spirituality
Religiosity as Partly Similar to and Partly Different From Spirituality
Religiosity as Different From Spirituality
Specific Challenges to Measuring Spirituality
Intermingling With Other Concepts
A Lack of Contextual Understanding
Artificial Positivity
A Limited Usefulness of Correlational Designs
A Constrained Choice of Research Methods
Exclusiveness of Spiritual and Nonreligious Dimensions
Research-Based Versus Clinical Approach
Neuroscientific Study of Spirituality
Challenges of Neuroscientific Research of Spirituality
Subjective States
Small Samples
Test Bias
Level of Significance
Lack of Controls
Remaining Challenges
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
3 What Is a Spiritual Experience?
Introduction
The Nature of Spiritual Experiences
William James and Evelyn Underhill
Louis Roy
Gerald May
Forms of Spiritual Experience
Roy’s Stages of Spiritual Experience
Unconscious Dimension of Spiritual Experiences
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
4 How to Understand Spiritual Development and Growth
Introduction
Spiritual Development in Western Theology and Mysticism
Psychological Models of Spiritual Development
Fowler’s Faith Stages
Genia’s Model of Spiritual Growth
Mabry’s Faith Styles
Spiritual Grounding
The Search for the Sacred: Pargament’s Model
Author’s Addition to Pargament’s Model
Development of Spiritual Identity
Spirituality of Different Age Groups
Spiritual Breaking Free
Models of Linking Psychological and Spiritual Development
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
Note
References
5 From Spiritual Direction to Spiritually Integrated Therapy
The History
Spiritual Direction
Pastoral Care and Pastoral Counseling
Spiritually Integrated/Oriented Psychotherapy
Select Universal Models of Spiritually Integrated/Oriented Psychotherapy
Logotherapy
Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy as the Search for the Sacred
Integrative Spiritually Oriented Psychotherapy
Clinical Paradigm of Integrating the Numinous Into the Counseling Process
The Ways Paradigm
Some Examples of Spiritually Integrated/Oriented Therapy By Approaches
A Psychoanalytic Approach to Spiritually Oriented Psychotherapy
Spiritually Oriented Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
A Humanistic Approach to Spiritually Oriented Psychotherapy
Interpersonal Psychotherapy From a Spiritual Perspective
Theistic Integrative Psychotherapy
Intensive Soul Care
An Interaction of Spiritually Integrated/Oriented Therapy Within Various Spiritual Traditions
Proposed Model to Integrate Spiritual Issues Into Counseling
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
6 Ethical Considerations Regarding Integrating Spirituality Into Counseling
Introduction
Sperry and Mansager’s Possible Relationships Between Psychology and Spirituality
The Psychological and Spiritual Domains of Human Experience and Development Are Essentially the Same, But With the Psychological Having Primacy
The Psychological and Spiritual Domains of Human Experience and Development Are Essentially the Same, But With the Spiritual Having Primacy
The Psychological and Spiritual Domains of Human Experience and Development Are Different, Though at Times Overlapping, With the Psychological Having Primacy
The Psychological and Spiritual Domains of Human Experience and Development Are Different, Though at Times They Overlap, With the Spiritual Having Primacy
The Psychological and Spiritual Domains of Human Experience and Development Are Different, Yet Neither Has Primacy, Nor Is Either One Reducible to the Other
Forced Westernization
Ethical Competencies
ASERVIC
Culture and Worldview
Counselor Self-Awareness
Human and Spiritual Development
Communication
Assessment
Diagnosis and Treatment
CACREP
Embedded Practices Versus Disembedded Tools
Supervision
Assessment
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
7 Spirituality Embedded in Culture
The Context
Multiculturalism and Spiritual Traditions
Sacredness of Space and Time
Architecture
Music and Dance
Key Concepts of First Nations Spirituality
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
8 Signs of Healthy Spirituality
Introduction
Theoretical Considerations
Healthy Spirituality in View of Spiritual Growth
Practical Considerations
Normative Guidelines
Psychiatric Evaluation of Spiritual Experiences and Challenges for an Adequate Diagnosis
Hallucinations and Delusions
Religious Psychosis
Affective Disorders
The Spiritual Dark Night Versus Clinical Depression
Scrupulosity Versus OCD
Anxiety
Self-Loss
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
9 The Dark Side of Religion and Spirituality
Introduction
Spiritual Manipulation
Spiritual Narcissism
Spiritual Intolerance, Violence, and Extremism
Spiritual Oppression
Spiritual Stigmatization
Trauma and Spirituality
Superstition and Magical Thinking
Spiritual Bypass
Anger-Phobia and Dissociation
Relying On a Spiritual Leader
Blind Compassion
Avoiding Responsibilities
Exaggerated Optimism
Misuse of Meditation and Prayer
The Developmental Role of Spiritual Bypass
Spiritual Underdevelopment
Working With the Shadow
Spiritual Projection
Demonology
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
10 Spiritual Struggle and Transformation
Introduction
The Variety of Spiritual Struggles
Problems With the Image of God
Perception of Divine Help
Struggling With Meaning
Struggling With Death
Spiritual Struggles and Spiritual Growth
Spiritual Struggle and Health
Spiritual Transformation
Conversion and Deconversion
Spiritual Surrender
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
11 Prayer
Introduction
Meditation and Mindfulness
The Effects of Prayer in Human Life
Prayer as Part of Therapy
Ethical Considerations
Practical Considerations
Methodological Challenges in Researching Prayer
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
12 Rituals
Introduction
The Contemporary Landscape
Conceptual Clarifications
The Role of Symbols – Eliade’s Hierophanies
Essential Elements of Effective Rituals
Time and Space
Physical Action
Witnesses
Therapeutic Dimension of Rituals
Some Practical Examples
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
13 Spiritual Discipline
Introduction and History
Silence
Solitude
Fasting
Spiritual Boredom
Spiritual Discipline of the Christian Counselor
Spiritual Discipline of the Therapist
Counseling as a Spiritual Discipline
Discussion Questions
References
14 Sin, Confession, and Reconciliation
Introduction
Original Sin and Personal Sin
Sin and Defense Mechanisms
Confession and Its Existential Dimension
Reconciliation
Spiritual Healing
Conclusions
Discussion Questions
References
Index
