Integrated Drainage Systems Planning and Design for Municipal Engineers

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Origins of Present-Day Practice
1.2 Why Are Drainage Systems So Important?
1.3 Storm Sewer System
1.4 History of Sustainable Drainage Systems
1.5 Role of Government Through Public Authorities
1.5.1 The Effect of Urbanization
1.6 General Features of Standard Pipework Drainage Solutions
1.7 Outline of Several Types of SuDS
1.7.1 Tree Planting
1.7.2 Tree Trenches
1.7.3 Bioretention Gardens
1.7.4 Infiltration Systems
1.7.5 Porous Pavers
1.7.6 Swales
1.7.7 Green Spaces
1.7.8 Green Streets
1.7.9 Downspout Disconnection
1.7.10 Vegetated Kerb Extension
1.7.11 Rainwater Harvesting Systems
1.7.12 Green Roofs (Vegetated Rooftops)
1.7.13 Detention Ponds
1.7.14 Retention Ponds
1.7.15 Soakaways
1.7.16 Planter Boxes
1.7.17 Artificial Rills
1.8 Combined and Uncombined Systems
1.9 Modern Drainage Master Planning Projects
1.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Drainage Planning and Evaluation Process
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Importance of Drainage Systems
2.3 Sources of Funding
2.4 Constraints and Data Collection
2.4.1 Public Participation
2.4.2 Required Data and Documents Review
2.4.3 Selection of Appropriate Routes
2.4.4 Site Survey and Evaluation
2.4.5 Defining the Catchment Characteristics
2.4.6 Environmental and Social Issues
2.5 Drainage Systems Planning
2.5.1 Setting Goals
2.5.1.1 Stormwater Quantity Reduction
2.5.1.2 Pollutant Removal
2.5.1.3 Peak Flow Reduction
2.5.1.4 Reduced Costs
2.5.1.5 Low-Carbon Design
2.5.1.6 Construction Materials
2.5.1.7 Land Stabilization and Embankments
2.5.1.8 Hydrologic and Hydraulics Methods
2.5.1.9 Other Constraints
2.5.2 Defining Drainage Networks
2.5.3 Cost of SuDS and Gray Infrastructure
2.6 Software Applications
2.7 The Decision-Making Process
2.7.1 Reliability and Sustainability
2.7.2 Hydraulics and Flow Routing
2.8 Case Studies
2.8.1 Case Study 2.1: Kabale Municipality Drainage Master Planning, Uganda, 2016
2.9 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 3 Planning for Sustainability
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Greenfield and Retrofitting
3.3 What Are Sustainable Drainage Systems and How Do They Work?
3.4 Approaches to Develop SuDS
3.5 The Role of Sustainable Drainage Systems
3.6 Achievable SuDS (site-Specific SuDS)
3.7 SuDS Application and Feasibility Potential Going By Area Physical Plan
3.8 Planning, Design, and Development of SuDS
3.8.1 Infiltration Systems
3.8.1.1 Description and Purpose
3.8.1.2 Potential Limitations for Infiltration Systems
3.8.1.3 How Does an Infiltration System Work?
3.8.1.4 Infiltration Systems’ Design Criteria
3.8.1.5 Probable Cost of Infiltration Systems
3.8.2 Bioretention Gardens
3.8.2.1 Description and Purpose
3.8.2.2 How Does a Bioretention Work?
3.8.2.3 Bioretention Design Criteria
3.8.3 Ponds/basins
3.8.4 Detention Ponds/basins (Dry Ponds/basins)
3.8.4.1 Description and Purpose of Detention Ponds/basins
3.8.4.2 Features and Benefits of Surface Detention System
3.8.4.3 Features and Benefits of Below Surface (Subsurface) Detention System
3.8.4.4 Potential Limitations for Detention Systems
3.8.4.5 Environmental Benefits of Detention Ponds
3.8.4.6 How Does a Detention Pond Work?
3.8.4.7 Detention Ponds’ Design Criteria
3.8.4.8 Probable Detention Pond Cost
3.8.5 Retention Ponds/basins
3.8.5.1 Description and Purpose of Retention Ponds
3.8.5.2 Integrated On Surface Detention and Retention System
3.8.6 Vegetated/bio-Swales
3.8.6.1 Description and Purpose of Swales
3.8.6.2 How Does a Vegetated Swale Work?
3.8.6.3 Potential Limitations of Swales
3.8.6.4 Variations in Bio-Swale Designs
3.8.6.5 Probable Cost
3.8.7 Reforestation and Afforestation
3.8.7.1 Description and Purpose
3.8.7.2 How Does Reforestation and Afforestation Work?
3.8.7.3 Potential Afforestation and Reforestation Limitations
3.8.7.4 Afforestation and Reforestation Design Criteria
3.8.8 Planter Boxes
3.8.8.1 Description and Purpose
3.8.8.2 Planter Box Probable Cost
3.8.9 Tree Trenches
3.8.9.1 Description and Purpose
3.8.9.2 Tree Trench Design Criteria
3.8.9.3 Potential Limitations of Tree Trenches
3.8.9.4 Probable Cost for Tree Trenches
3.8.10 Rainwater Harvesting Systems
3.8.10.1 Description and Purpose
3.8.10.2 Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting
3.8.10.3 Limitations of Potential Rainwater Harvesting Systems
3.8.10.4 How Does a Rainwater Harvesting System Work?
3.8.10.5 Rainwater Harvesting Systems Design Criteria
3.8.10.6 Probable Cost
3.8.11 Open Spaces
3.8.12 Porous/permeable Pavers
3.8.12.1 Description and Purpose
3.8.12.2 Probable Cost
3.8.13 Downspout Disconnection
3.8.13.1 Description and Purpose
3.8.13.2 Potential Limitations of Downspout Disconnection
3.8.13.3 How Does the Downspout Disconnection Work?
3.8.13.4 Downspout Disconnection Design Criteria: What Are the Factors to Consider?
3.8.13.5 Probable Cost
3.8.14 Vegetated Kerb Extensions
3.8.15 Green Roofs
3.8.15.1 Description and Purpose
3.8.15.2 Benefits and Effectiveness of Green Roofs
3.8.15.3 Potential Limitations of Green Roofs
3.8.15.4 Key Design Features for Green Roofs
3.8.15.5 Probable Cost of Green Roofs
3.9 Stormwater Quality Improvement and Quantity Reduction Potential for Different SuDS Types
3.10 River Restoration Programs
3.11 Flood Control Structures
3.12 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 4 Useful Hydrology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Hydrologic Cycle
4.3 Hydrologic Models, Tools, and Techniques
4.4 Rainfall Analysis
4.4.1 Average Recurrence Interval
4.4.2 What Does a Design Year Flood Such as a 100-Year Flood Mean?
4.4.3 Runoff Estimation
4.4.3.1 Hydrologic Methods
4.4.3.2 Nonconventional Design Methods
4.5 Statistical Models and Probability Distribution Functions
4.5.1 Applications of Continuous Probability Distribution Functions
4.5.1.1 Frequency and Return Period
4.5.1.2 Forecasting Behaviors
4.5.1.3 Extreme Value Analysis
4.6 Case Studies and Worked Examples
4.6.1 Case Study 4.1: Generating IDFs for the Rational Method, Kabale Municipal Council, Western Uganda (2016)
4.6.2 Case Study 4.2: Kabale Municipality Rainfall Forecasting With Use of Two-Parameter Weibull Distribution, Western Uganda (2016)
4.6.2.1 Findings
4.6.2.2 Analysis Implications—decisions That Followed
4.6.3 Case Study 4.3: Extreme Value Analysis for River Kiruruma in Kabale, Uganda (2016)
4.6.3.1 Conclusion
4.6.3.2 Recommendation From the Analysis
4.7 How to Deal With Runoff Quality
4.8 SuDS Hydrology
4.9 Conclusion
Notes
References
Further Reading
Chapter 5 Hydraulics Design Principles
Notation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hydraulic Design—overview
5.3 Energy Equations
5.3.1 Relevance of Energy Equations
5.3.2 Derivation of Key Energy Equations
5.3.2.1 Specific Energy
5.3.3 Normal Depth Used for Design and Analysis
5.4 Flow Profiles/regimes for a Sustainable Design
5.5 The Momentum Principle
5.5.1 Application of Momentum Equations
5.6 Case Studies With Worked Examples
5.6.1 Case Study (5.1): Typical Design Project, Proposed Warehouse Park On Plot 31, Namanve, Kampala, Uganda (2021)
5.6.1.1 Overview
5.6.1.2 Evaluation
5.6.1.3 General Assumptions, Conditions, and Guiding Design Criteria
5.6.1.4 Option A
5.6.1.5 Option B
5.6.1.6 Design
5.6.1.7 Analysis
5.6.1.8 Conclusion and Recommendations
5.6.2 Case Study (5.2): Typical Audit and Design Project for Collapsed Retaining Wall Following Flash Floods, Kitende, Kampala, Uganda (August 14, 2021)
5.6.2.1 Overview
5.6.2.2 Problem Evaluation
5.6.2.3 Justification of the Probable Cause
5.6.2.4 Drainage Design
5.6.2.5 Remodeling the U-Drain
5.6.2.6 Analysis
5.6.2.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
5.6.2.8 Final Drainage Scheme Route and Retaining Wall
5.6.3 Worked .example 5.1: Application of Equation (5.2)
5.7 Conclusion
Notes
Reference
Further Reading
Chapter 6 Flow Routing Techniques
Notation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hydraulic Routing Techniques
6.3 Applications of Hydraulic Flow Routing Techniques
6.3.1 Evaluating the Impact of Flash Floods
6.3.2 Predicting the Arrival Time of Floods
6.3.3 Urban Drainage Design
6.3.4 Analyzing Flood Control System’s Safety
6.4 Derivation of Hydraulic Flow Routing Techniques
6.4.1 Deriving the Continuity Equation
6.4.2 Deriving the Momentum Equation
6.4.2.1 The Grid
6.5 Steady Flow
6.6 Kinematic Wave Routing Technique
6.6.1 Worked Example—Kinematic Wave Routing Technique
Section A–A
6.7 Dynamic Wave Routing Technique
6.7.1 How to Solve the Full 1-D Saint Venant Equations Using the Method of Characteristics (finite-Difference Scheme)
Step 1. Rearranging the Continuity and Momentum Equations in a Matrix Form
Step 2. Differential Form and Obtaining Characteristic Equations
Step 3. Numerical Technique for Internal Points
Step 4. Setting Boundary Conditions
6.7.2 Analysis of Dynamic Wave Routing Technique
6.7.2.1 Understanding Energy and Momentum Equations as We Route Flows in the Design
6.7.3 MATLAB Simulation
6.8 Comparison of Hydraulic Routing Techniques
6.8.1 Kinematic Wave Routing
6.8.2 Dynamic Wave Routing
6.9 Stormwater Runoff Hydraulic Modeling and Simulation
6.9.1 Available Software Used to Develop Stormwater Models
6.10 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 7 Useful Topics in Soil Mechanics
Notation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Subsurface Drainage
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Common Subsurface Drainage Terminologies
7.2.3 Primary Materials Used in Construction of Subsurface Drainage Systems
7.2.3.1 Nonwoven Geotextile Fabrics
7.2.3.2 Perforated Pipes
7.2.3.3 Filter Materials
7.2.4 Subsurface Drain Types
7.2.4.1 French Drains
7.2.4.2 Stabilization Trenches
7.2.5 Road Construction Subsurface Drain Categories
7.2.5.1 Subsoil Drains
7.2.5.2 Subpavement Drains
7.2.5.3 Foundation Drains
7.2.6 Drainage Mats in Road Construction
7.2.7 Filter Material Differences
7.3 Subsurface Drainage Design Criteria
7.3.1 Subsurface Drainage Special Design Guidelines Or Considerations
7.3.2 Maintenance Design Considerations for Subsurface Drainage
7.4 Drainage and Groundwater Recharge
7.5 Micro-Tunneling, Pipe Jacking, and Underground Drainage Systems
7.6 Conventional Tunneling
7.7 Soil Behavior in Shear
7.7.1 Horizontal Component of Stress
7.7.2 Mohr–Coulomb Model
7.8 Flood Defense Structures
7.8.1 Introduction
7.8.2 On Design of Flood Control Structures
7.8.2.1 Seepage Control in Flood Control Earthen Embankment Structures
7.8.2.2 Control of Water Movement in Basements
7.8.2.3 Concrete Flood Defense Structures
7.8.2.4 Coastal Flood Defenses
7.9 Retaining Walls
7.9.1 Goal Setting for Retaining Wall Design
7.9.2 Factors Influencing the Choice of Retaining Wall
7.9.2.1 Soil
7.9.2.2 Location
7.9.2.3 Drainage
7.9.2.4 Design
7.9.3 Types of Retaining Walls
7.9.3.1 Gravity Retaining Wall
7.9.3.2 Cantilever Retaining Wall
7.9.3.3 Segmental Retaining Walls
7.9.3.4 Counterfort Retaining Walls
7.9.3.5 Sheet Or Bored Pile Walls
7.9.3.6 Gabion Mesh Walls
7.10 Case Study 7.1: Collapsed Retaining Wall Following Flash Floods—continuation of Case Study (5.2): Typical...
7.11 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 8 Structural Aspects of Storm Sewers
Notation
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Differential Settlement
8.1.2 Excessive Pressure
8.1.3 The Expansion of the Joints
8.1.4 Loading Conditions
8.1.5 Restraining Thermal Expansion
8.1.6 Concrete Shrinkage
8.1.7 Chemical Attacks Due to Corrosion of Storm Sewers
8.2 Pipe Loading Conditions/patterns
8.2.1 Types of Loads That Act On Buried Pipes
8.2.2 Theories Applicable in Pipe Load Calculations
8.3 Matching Imposed Loads to Pipe Strength
8.4 Loads Due to Earth Overburden
8.4.1 Derivation of Marston’s Equation
8.4.2 Variation in the Use of Marston’s Equation
8.4.2.1 The Complete Embankment Case Or Wide-Trench Case (Positive Projection)
8.4.2.2 The Incomplete Wide-Trench Case (Positive Projection)
8.4.2.3 Negative Projection Cases
8.4.2.4 Zero Projection Case
8.5 Loads Superimposed By Vehicle Wheels
8.5.1 AASHTO LRFD Design Method(4)
8.6 Internal Water Load
8.7 Pipe Strength and Bedding Classes
8.7.1 Concrete Pipe Design—conclusion
8.7.2 Worked example 8.1 for Illustrative Purposes (Loading Case: Ordinary [normal] Trenches)
8.7.2.1 Solution
8.8 BS 9295:2020 Guide to the Structural Design of Buried Pipes
8.9 Storm Sewer Construction Materials
8.9.1 Reinforced Concrete Pipes
8.9.2 Corrugated Steel Pipes
8.9.3 Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
8.9.4 Vitrified Clay Drainage (Clayware) Pipes
8.9.5 Brickwork
8.9.6 High-Density Polyethylene Pipes
8.9.7 Ductile Iron Pipes
8.9.8 Cast Iron Pipes
8.10 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 9 Evaluation of Integrated Drainage System Designs
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Advantages and Potential Disadvantages of SuDS
9.2.1 Advantages of SuDS
9.2.1.1 Reduction in Stormwater Runoff Quantities
9.2.1.2 Reduction in Runoff Velocities
9.2.1.3 Improve Aesthetics
9.2.1.4 Recreational Activities
9.2.1.5 Reduce Greenhouse Gases
9.2.1.6 Provide Shades for the City Dwellers
9.2.1.7 Regulate Temperatures
9.2.1.8 Enormously Contribute to Climate Action Policy
9.2.1.9 Educational Opportunities
9.2.1.10 Recharges Groundwater
9.2.1.11 Harvesting Rainwater for Domestic/commercial Use
9.2.1.12 Biodiversity and Resilience
9.2.1.13 Preserving Ecological Sites
9.2.1.14 Reduce Pollutants
9.2.1.15 Enhancing Conservation Practices for Sustainable Development
9.2.1.16 Ease of Working With Underground Utility Services
9.2.1.17 SuDS Foster Collaboration With NGOs
9.2.1.18 Ease of Funding Compared With Traditional Gray Infrastructure
9.2.1.19 Economic Benefits
9.2.2 Potential Disadvantages of SuDS
9.2.2.1 Tropical Climates
9.2.2.2 Engineering, Art, and Continuing Education
9.2.2.3 Heavy Initial Cost
9.2.2.4 Large Space Requirements
9.2.2.5 Compliance With Regulatory Frameworks
9.3 Integrated Drainage System Reliability Analysis
9.3.1 Introduction
9.3.2 Drainage System Model Reliability
9.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis
9.3.3.1 Model Inputs Variables for Uncertainty Checks
9.3.3.2 Model Output Variables
9.3.3.3 Using What-If Analysis to Model System Reliability
9.3.4 Environmental Lifecycle Assessment
9.3.4.1 Introduction
9.3.4.2 Factors Considered in LCA for Drainage Schemes
9.3.4.3 The ASTM Procedure
9.3.4.4 ASTMC-1131 Formula
9.3.4.5 Worked Example—for Illustrative Purposes
9.3.4.6 Analyzing Reliability Goals—typical Example for Illustrative Purposes
Solution
Interpretation of the Results
SuDS in Drainage System A
SuDS in Drainage System B
9.3.4.7 Design Life and Service Life Used as Reliability Indicators
9.4 Achieving the Safe Net-Zero Goal
9.4.1 Estimating Carbon Offsets for Integrated Drainage Systems
9.4.1.1 Embodied Carbon
9.4.1.2 What to Do in Drainage Schemes to Reduce Carbon Emissions?
9.4.1.3 Operational Carbon in Drainage Systems
Solution
9.5 Embodied Carbon Worked Example for Illustrative Purposes
9.5.1 Analysis of Example (Section 9.5)
9.6 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 10 Construction and Management
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Procedural Management in Drainage Construction
10.3 Excavation of Trenches for Storm Sewers
10.3.1 Dewatering of Excavations
10.3.2 Excavation Techniques
10.3.2.1 Drill and Blast Application
10.3.2.2 Conventional Methods: Excavators +/- Rock Breakers Application
10.3.2.3 Trenching Application (Hand Excavation)
10.3.3 Excavation Limitations
10.4 Excavation Supports
10.5 Pipe Laying and Jointing
10.6 Construction and Environmental Management
10.6.1 Environment and Social Impact Assessment for Drainage Systems
10.6.1.1 Introduction
10.6.1.2 Potential Project Benefits of Drainage Schemes
10.6.1.3 Potential Project Negative Impacts
10.6.1.4 Environmental Management System
10.6.1.5 Environment and Social Impact Assessment
10.6.1.6 Environmental Screening
10.6.2 Environmental and Social Management Plan
10.6.2.1 Construction Phase
10.6.2.2 Operation, Repair and Maintenance Phase
10.6.2.3 Decommissioning Phase
10.6.3 Stakeholder’s Responsibilities
10.6.3.1 Contractor’s Project Manager
10.6.3.2 Contractor’s Environmental and Social Manager
10.6.3.3 Contractor’s Site Supervisor
10.6.3.4 Contractor’s Staff
10.6.4 ESIA Conclusion and Recommendations
10.6.4.1 Conclusion
10.6.4.2 General Recommendations
10.7 Safety in Drainage Construction
10.7.1 Introduction
10.7.2 Hierarchy of Preventive and Protective Measures in Drainage System Planning, Design, and Construction
10.7.2.1 Elimination
10.7.2.2 Substitution
10.7.2.3 Engineering Controls
10.7.2.4 Administrative Controls
10.7.2.5 Personal Protective Equipment
10.7.3 Excavations
10.7.3.1 Hazards and Risk Assessment for Excavation Work
10.7.3.2 Control Measures for Excavation Work
10.8 Quality Control and Management in Drainage Construction
10.8.1 Introduction
10.8.2 Quality of Storm Sewer Pipe
10.8.3 Handling of Storm Sewer Pipes
10.8.4 Installation of Storm Sewer Pipes
10.9 Equipment and Machinery Used in Construction and Sustainable Drainage Structures Maintenance
10.9.1 Excavators
10.9.2 Backhoes
10.9.3 Draglines
10.9.4 Compactors
10.9.5 Tunnel Boring Machine
10.9.6 Sewer Cleaning Truck
10.9.7 Tree Spades
10.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Operation and Maintenance
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Storm Sewer Appurtenances
11.2.1 Inlets
11.2.2 Types of Inlets
11.2.2.1 Kerb Inlets
11.2.2.2 Gutter Inlets
11.2.2.3 Combination Inlets
11.2.3 Catch Basins Or Catch Pits
11.2.4 Clean-Outs
11.2.5 Manholes
11.2.5.1 Precast Concrete Manholes
11.2.5.2 Brick Manholes
11.2.5.3 Cast-In-Place Concrete Manholes
11.2.6 Mini-Manholes
11.2.7 Deep Manholes
11.2.7.1 Drop Manholes
11.2.7.2 Junction Boxes
11.2.8 Outfalls and Outlets
11.2.9 Lamp-Holes
11.2.10 Flushing Devices
11.2.11 Grease and Oil Traps
11.2.12 Stormwater Regulators
11.3 Legal and Policy Frameworks
11.4 Stormwater Drainage Network Policy Framework
11.4.1 How Does a Standard Pipework Drainage System Work?
11.4.2 Who’s Responsible for What?
11.5 How Do SuDS Work?
11.6 A Guide to Drainage Design
11.7 Legal Point of Stormwater Discharge
11.8 Drainage Information, Reporting, and Record Keeping
11.9 Enforcing Laws, Policies, Rules, and Regulations for Effective Drainage Asset Management
11.10 Maintenance of SuDS
11.10.1 Procure Equipment
11.10.2 Maintenance Budgets
11.10.3 Working With Partners
11.10.4 Inspection and Maintenance Personnel
11.10.5 Identify SuDS Maintenance Triggers
11.10.6 Update the Infrastructure Asset Register and Standard Operating Procedures
11.11 Specific SuDS Maintenance Practices
11.11.1 Postconstruction
11.11.1.1 Tree Trenches
11.11.1.2 Bioretention Gardens
11.11.1.3 Infiltration Systems
11.11.1.4 Porous Pavers
11.11.1.5 Vegetated Swales
11.11.1.6 Open/green Spaces
11.11.1.7 Downspout Disconnection
11.11.1.8 Vegetated Kerb Extension
11.11.1.9 Rainwater Harvesting Systems
11.11.1.10 Green Roofs (Vegetated Rooftops)
11.11.1.11 Detention and Retention Ponds
11.11.1.12 Soakaways
11.11.1.13 Planter Boxes
11.12 Maintenance of Storm Sewers and Drains
11.12.1 Excessive Surface Loads
11.12.2 Corrosion of Sewers
11.12.3 Root Intrusion
11.12.4 Sediment and Grit
11.12.5 Trash and Debris
11.12.6 Hazardous Materials
11.13 Storm Sewer Repair and Maintenance Practices
11.13.1 Roots Invasion in Sewers
11.13.2 Corrosion Control Measures
11.13.3 Grease and Oils
11.13.4 Sediment and Grit
11.13.5 Trash and Debris
11.14 Commonly Recommended Operational and Routine Maintenance Management Practices for Standard Pipework Drainage Solutions
11.15 Routine Oversight, Inspection, Monitoring, and Maintenance Plan
11.15.1 What Constitutes an Inspection and Maintenance Checklist for a Drainage Asset?
11.15.1.1 Site Conditions
11.15.1.2 Vegetation
11.15.1.3 Structural Conditions
11.15.1.4 Earthworks
11.15.1.5 Spills/releases
11.16 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Chapter 12 The Future of Urban Drainage
12.1 Likely Future Developments in the Drainage Field
12.1.1 The Concept of a Sponge City
12.1.2 Flood Warning Systems
12.1.2.1 Remarkable Flood Impacts
12.1.3 Drainage Easements
12.1.4 Vertical Forests and Forest Cities
12.1.5 Verticulture
12.1.6 The Future of Trenchless Technology
12.1.7 Polyhedral Pipes
12.1.7.1 Advantages of Polyhedral Composite Pipes
12.1.8 Digital Monitoring of Sewers
12.1.9 Work Planning and Budgeting
12.1.10 Nonconventional Drainage Design Methods
12.2 Funding Opportunities for Drainage Schemes
12.3 Cost Implications of Drainage Schemes
12.4 Flash Floods
12.4.1 Case Study 12.1: Flash Floods That Occurred at the Construction of US$350 M Lubowa International Specialized Hospital, Kampala, Uganda (2019)
12.4.1.1 Introduction
12.4.1.2 Lessons From the Case
12.4.2 Case Study 12.2: The November 5, 2021, Flash Floods at Seroma Workshop Premises: Seroma Workshop Flood Damage Evaluation and Analysis, Kampala, Uganda
12.4.2.1 Background to the Problem
12.4.2.2 Interpretation
12.4.2.3 Rainfall Analysis
12.4.2.4 Recommendations to the Contractor
12.4.2.5 Lessons From the Case for a Drainage Engineer Or Planner
12.5 Embedding UN’s SDGs in Public Authorities’ Mainstream Drainage Activities
12.6 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Glossary
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Index