Integral Waterproofing of Concrete Structures: Advanced Protection Technologies of Concrete by Pore Blocking and Lining

Front Cover
Integral Waterproofing of Concrete Structures
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
About the author
Preface
List of abbreviations and symbols
1 Introduction to concrete chemistry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Concrete as a composite material
1.2.1 Concrete binder
1.2.2 Mixing water
1.2.3 Aggregates
1.3 Cement hydration chemistry
1.3.1 Stoichiometry of hydration reactions
1.3.2 Kinetics and heat of hydration reactions
1.4 Pozzolanic reactions
1.5 Admixtures and pozzolanic materials
1.5.1 Supplementary cementitious materials
1.5.2 Chemical admixtures
1.6 Durability problems related to concrete chemistry
References
2 Concrete porosity and transport processes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Concrete structure and porosity
2.3 Structure of entrapped and entrained air voids
2.4 Concrete permeability
2.4.1 Effect of pressure on the rate of water permeation
2.5 Transport characteristics of concrete
2.5.1 Thermal characteristics of concrete
2.6 Fundamentals of transport processes in concrete
2.6.1 Fluid flow through concrete
2.6.2 Mass transfer through concrete
2.6.3 Heat transfer through concrete
References
3 Concrete durability problems: physicochemical and transport mechanisms
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Concrete durability and structure sustainability
3.3 Water as the medium for concrete durability problems
3.4 Fundamental mechanisms of concrete durability
3.5 Physical mechanisms of concrete deterioration
3.5.1 Mechanical actions of surface deterioration
3.5.2 Concrete deterioration due to freezing and thawing cycles
3.5.3 Shrinkage deterioration
3.6 Chemical mechanisms of concrete deterioration
3.6.1 Acid attack
3.6.2 Chloride attack and corrosion of embedded steel
3.6.3 Sulfate attack
3.6.4 Reactions with magnesium compounds
3.6.5 Alkali aggregate reactions
3.7 Biochemical mechanisms of concrete deterioration
3.8 Economic aspects of durability solutions
References
4 Materials selection and proportioning for watertight and durable concrete
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials selection and proportioning
4.3 Methods of concrete proportioning and mix design
4.4 Concrete types, grades, and classes
4.4.1 General concrete types
4.4.2 Pavement concrete
4.4.3 Mass concrete
4.5 Concrete mixture proportions
4.5.1 Sample prescribed proportions of concrete mixtures
4.6 Material mix designing of concrete exposure to environmental actions
4.6.1 Impact of concrete design on concrete permeability and durability
References
5 Physical and chemical interactions of water with surfaces and particles
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Introduction to water chemistry
5.3 Water adsorption into cementitious surfaces
5.3.1 Water adsorption isotherms
5.3.2 Water adsorption kinetics
5.4 Hydrophilicity
5.4.1 Water sorption, theoretical analysis
5.4.2 Swelling
5.5 Hydrophobicity
5.5.1 Parameters affecting hydrophobicity
5.5.2 Types and chemical structures of hydrophobic compounds
5.5.3 Reactions of hydrophobic materials with surfaces
5.6 Hygroscopicity
5.7 Icephobicity and ice adhesion
5.7.1 Quantification of icephobicity and ice adhesion
5.7.2 Mechanisms of ice adhesion
5.8 Nanotechnology in concrete industry
References
6 Fundamentals and categorizations of waterproofing technologies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Waterproofing concepts and approaches
6.3 Characterization approaches of waterproofing systems
6.4 Waterproofing compositions and structures
6.5 Dampproofing versus waterproofing
6.6 Vaporproofing versus breathable waterproofing systems
6.7 Selection of waterproofing materials and application requirements
6.8 Performance characteristic of waterproofing materials
6.9 General comparison of waterproofing systems
References
7 Concepts and types of integral waterproofing materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Terminologies and categorizations of internal waterproofing approach
7.3 Types of direct integral waterproofing technologies
7.4 Setting and formation of integral waterproofing materials
7.5 Interactions of integral waterproofing materials with water
7.6 Levels of water resistance of integral waterproofing materials
7.7 Indirect integral waterproofing approach through concrete mix design
7.7.1 Integral waterproofing function by chemical admixtures
7.7.2 Integral waterproofing function of supplementary cementitious materials
7.8 Performance characteristics and testing of integral waterproofing materials
References
8 Hydrophobic integral dampproofing materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Concepts of hydrophobic dampproofing materials
8.2.1 Antiicing and icephobicity of hydrophobic damproofing materials
8.3 Types of hydrophobic damproofing materials
8.4 Applications of hydrophobic dampproofing materials
8.5 Mechanism of hydrophobic dampproofing systems
8.5.1 The chemical setting of organosilicon compounds
8.5.1.1 Alkaline catalyzed setting reactions of silanes and siloxanes
8.5.1.2 Carbon dioxide catalyzed setting reactions of siliconates
8.5.2 Setting reactions of stearates and similar organic compounds
8.5.3 Setting of other hydrophobic systems
8.6 Requirements of hydrophobic dampproofing materials
8.6.1 Stability of hydrophobic dampproofing materials
8.7 Durability performance of hydrophobic dampproofing
8.7.1 Efficiency of water-repellency and de-wetting
8.7.2 Reduction in water absorption
8.7.3 Reducing chloride ion penetration and corrosion
8.7.4 Reducing carbonation
8.7.5 Enhancing concrete resistance against freezing and thawing and scaling
8.7.6 Strength parameters
References
9 Hydrophilic crystallization waterproofing
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Waterproofing by pore blocking
9.2.1 Swelling behavior of hydrophilic crystalline gels
9.3 Types of hydrophilic waterproofing materials
9.3.1 Hydrophilic crystalline waterproofing solutions
9.3.2 Hydrophilic crystalline waterproofing powder admixtures
9.3.3 Other pore filling waterproofing materials
9.4 Applications of hydrophilic waterproofing materials
9.5 Crystallization reactions of hydrophilic waterproofing systems
9.5.1 Structure of hydrophilic crystallization waterproofing particles
9.5.2 Interaction with cement hydration
9.5.3 Self-healing mechanism
9.6 Durability performance of hydrophilic waterproofing
9.6.1 Performance investigation based on structural analysis
9.6.2 Reduction in water absorption and permeability by hydrophilic WP
9.6.3 Reducing chloride ion penetration and corrosion by hydrophilic waterproofing
9.6.4 Breathability and carbonation in concrete with hydrophilic waterproofing systems
9.6.5 Reducing concrete deterioration from freezing and thawing by hydrophilic waterproofing
9.6.6 Other durability and strength parameters
References
10 Dual crystallization waterproofing topical treatment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Concepts of dual crystallization waterproofing
10.3 Application and penetration of the dual crystallization waterproofing
10.4 The dual-crystallization waterproofing engineered mechanisms
10.5 The dual-crystallization waterproofing engineered performance
10.5.1 Waterproofing efficiency
10.5.2 Dual-crystallization waterproofing engineered enhancement of concrete resistance against chloride ion penetration
10.5.3 Enhancement of concrete resistance against ASR
10.5.4 Enhancement of concrete resistance against cycles of freezing and thawing
10.5.5 Enhancement of concrete resistance against biological degradation by mold growth
10.5.6 Effects of dual-crystallization waterproofing engineered treated on the mechanical characteristics and serviceabilit...
References
11 Multicrystallization waterproofing enhancer for concrete mixtures
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Mechanism of waterproofing by multicrystallization enhancer
11.2.1 Enhancement of mechanical characteristics of concrete by multicrystallization
11.3 Reducing porosity and permeability of concrete with multicrystallization enhancer
11.4 The role of multicrystallization enhancer in managing thermal effects in concrete
11.4.1 Managing thermal effects during concrete curing using multicrystallization enhancer
11.4.2 Enhancing concrete resistance to cycles of freezing and thawing using multicrystallization enhancer
11.5 Reducing chloride ion penetration in multicrystallization enhancer-dosed concrete
11.6 Enhancement of concrete durability against alkali–silica reactions by multicrystallization enhancer
References
12 Waterproofing coatings and membranes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Terminologies and categories of external waterproofing barriers
12.3 Types of materials for waterproofing barriers
12.3.1 Cementitious waterproofing coatings
12.3.2 Polymer-modified cementitious coatings and mortars
12.3.3 Polymeric barriers
12.3.3.1 Sheet systems
Bituminous sheets
Polymer-modified bitumen sheets
Rubber sheets
Polyvinyl chloride sheets
12.3.3.2 Liquid membranes systems
Bituminous liquid membranes
Polyurethane liquid membranes
Epoxy coatings
Acrylic membranes
12.4 Applications of waterproofing barriers
12.4.1 Application of cementitious waterproofing coatings
12.4.2 Installation of polymeric waterproofing barriers
12.5 Mechanisms of waterproofing barriers
12.5.1 Bonding of external waterproofing barriers
12.6 Stability of external barriers
12.7 Durability performance of waterproofing barriers
12.7.1 Effectiveness of waterproofing
12.7.2 Effectiveness of waterproofing barriers in reducing chloride ion penetration and corrosion
12.7.3 Breathability and carbonation resistance of external waterproofing barriers
12.7.4 Enhancing concrete resistance against freezing and thawing and scaling
References
Index
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