Instrumental Thin-Layer Chromatography

Instrumental Thin-Layer ChromatographyHandbooks in Separation ScienceSecond EditionEdited byColin F. PooleDepartment of Che ...
Chapter-1---Milestones--core-concepts--an_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Chrom.pdf
1. Milestones, core concepts, and contrasts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Milestones
1.3 Attributes of a planar format
1.4 Consequences of capillary-controlled flow
1.4.1 Retardation factor
1.4.2 Plate height
1.4.3 Multiple development
1.4.4 Resolution
1.5 Solvent-strength gradients
1.6 Multidimensional separations
1.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter-2---High-performance-precoated-sta_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Chro.pdf
2. High-performance precoated stationary phases
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Inorganic oxide sorbents
2.2.1 Kinetic properties
2.2.2 Retention properties
2.2.3 Impregnated inorganic oxide sorbents
2.2.4 Layer pretreatment
2.3 Chemically bonded sorbents
2.3.1 Retention properties
2.4 Cellulose
2.5 Chiral sorbents
2.6 Ultrathin layers
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter-3---Solvent-selection-and-method-develop_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Laye.pdf
3. Solvent selection and method development for thin-layer chromatography
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Problem definition
3.2.1 Sample properties
3.3 Mode selection
3.3.1 Silica gel layers
3.3.2 Chemically bonded silica layers
3.4 Mobile phase selection
3.4.1 Solvent selectivity classification schemes
3.4.2 Solvent strength scales
3.4.3 Simultaneous selection of solvent strength and selectivity
3.5 General strategies for method development
3.5.1 PRISMA method
3.5.2 Mobile phase gradients
3.5.3 Computer-aided method development
3.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter-4---Automated-multiple-develo_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Chromatog.pdf
4. Automated multiple development
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Manual multiple development
4.1.2 Programmed multiple development
4.1.3 Automated multiple development
4.2 Applications
4.2.1 Lipids
4.2.2 Pesticides/environmental analysis/hazardous compound
4.2.3 Lubricants, additives, and petroleum products
4.2.4 Pharmaceutical and clinical applications
4.2.5 Organics
4.2.6 Plant extracts and bioactive metabolites
4.2.7 Food and food additives
4.2.8 Carbohydrates
4.2.9 Explosives
4.3 Future trends
References
Chapter-5---Instrument-platforms-for-high-perfor_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Laye.pdf
5. Instrument platforms for high-performance thin-layer chromatography
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sample applicators
5.2.1 Contact transfer applicators
5.2.2 Spray-on applicators
5.3 Developing chambers
5.3.1 Linear developing chambers with capillary-controlled flow
5.3.1.1 Twin-trough developing chamber
5.3.1.2 Horizontal developing chamber
5.3.1.3 Automatic developing chamber
5.3.1.4 HPTLC PRO Module DEVELOPMENT
5.3.2 Automated multiple development chamber
5.3.3 Linear and radial developing chambers with forced flow
5.3.3.1 POSU 50 developing chamber
5.4 Derivatization
5.4.1 Automatic spray devices
5.4.2 Immersion devices
5.4.3 Contact transfer
5.5 Densitometers for evaluation
5.5.1 Slit-scanning densitometers
5.5.2 Diode-array densitometers
5.5.3 Video densitometers
5.5.3.1 Flatbed scanners
5.5.3.2 Charged-coupled devices
5.5.3.3 Smartphones
5.5.4 Scanners using flame-based detection
5.5.5 Radiochromatography scanners and image analyzers
5.5.6 Interfaces for mass spectrometric detection
5.5.6.1 Direct analysis in real time
5.5.6.2 Liquid extraction surface analysis probe
5.5.6.3 Elution head interface
References
Chapter-6---Theory-and-instrumentation-for-_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Chr.pdf
6. Theory and instrumentation for in situ detection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Theory for in situ densitometric detection
6.2.1 Absorption and scattering coefficient
6.2.2 The connection between measured data and analyte mass
6.2.3 Fluorescence measurements
6.3 Instrumentation for in situ densitometric detection
6.3.1 Densitometric TLC scanner
6.3.2 Video densitometric devices
6.3.3 Video densitometric luminescence measurements
6.3.4 In situ scintillation measurements
6.3.5 Infrared and Raman measurements
6.3.6 Measurement error in densitometry
6.4 In situ mass spectrometry
6.4.1 Fast atom and ion bombardment ionization
6.4.2 Laser irradiation ionization
6.5 In situ radioisotope detection
References
Chapter-7---Advanced-spectroscopic-detectors-for-identi_2023_Instrumental-Th.pdf
7. Advanced spectroscopic detectors for identification and quantification: infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Hyphenation of thin-layer chromatography with infrared spectroscopy
7.3 Offline methods
7.4 In situ infrared measurements
7.5 Raman spectroscopy
7.6 Thin-layer chromatography–surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
7.7 Dynamic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
7.8 TLC-NMR spectroscopy
References
Chapter-8---Advanced-spectroscopic-detectors-for-id_2023_Instrumental-Thin-L.pdf
8. Advanced spectroscopic detectors for identification and quantification: mass spectrometry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Classification of TLC-MS techniques
8.3 Indirect sampling TLC-MS
8.3.1 Solvent extraction
8.3.2 Transfer-based indirect sampling TLC-MS
8.4 Direct sampling TLC-MS
8.4.1 Direct sampling TLC-MS, vacuum-based
8.4.1.1 Impact of TLC plate surfaces with fast atoms, neutral clusters, or ions for DI
8.4.1.2 Using pulsed laser irradiation for DI
8.4.2 Direct sampling TLC-MS under ambient conditions
8.4.2.1 Surface sampling devices using elution
8.4.2.2 Continuous elution devices for TLC-MS
8.4.2.3 Using a pulsed laser for sampling and ionization
8.4.2.4 Generation of reactive species for desorption and ionization under ambient conditions
8.4.2.5 Thermal desorption TLC-MS
8.5 High-throughput TLC-MS devices and quantification analysis
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter-9---Staining-and-derivatization-techniques_2023_Instrumental-Thin-La.pdf
9. Staining and derivatization techniques for visualization in planar chromatography
9.1 Problem overview
9.2 Reagent application, equipment, and protocols
9.3 Techniques for heating or drying layers after development
9.4 Common detection protocols for target compounds
9.5 Simple devices for planar chromatograms digitalization
9.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter-10---Effects-directed-detection--ce_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Chr.pdf
10. Effects-directed detection: cell-based assays
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Thin-layer chromatography—antimicrobial detection
10.2.1 Classification and history
10.2.2 Requirements for the separation system in direct bioautography
10.2.3 Test organisms for direct bioautography
10.2.4 Visualization methods in direct bioautography
10.3 (HP)TLC-hormonal, pathogenicity, and genotoxicity bioassays
10.3.1 Tests for endocrine disrupter compounds
10.3.2 Tests for bacterial pathogenesis disrupter compounds
10.3.3 Tests for genotoxicity
10.4 Applications
10.4.1 Detection and characterization of biologically active compounds
10.4.2 (HP)TLC-DB-chemometrics
10.4.3 Detection of minor components with (HP)TLC-DB
10.4.4 The BioArena system
10.4.5 Quantification of bioactive compounds using thin-layer chromatography-bioassay
10.4.6 Bioassay-guided isolation using DB
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter-11---Effect-directed-detection--chemic_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-.pdf
11. Effect-directed detection: chemical and enzyme-based assays
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Enzyme inhibitors
11.2.1 Future perspective
11.2.2 Assays
11.2.2.1 Acetylcholinesterase
11.2.2.2 Amylase
11.2.2.3 Arginase
11.2.2.4 Aromatase
11.2.2.5 Cutinase
11.2.2.6 Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
11.2.2.7 α- and β-Glucosidase
11.2.2.8 Glucuronidase
11.2.2.9 Lipase
11.2.2.10 Monoamine oxidase
11.2.2.11 Neuraminidase
11.2.2.12 Phosphoglucose isomerase
11.2.2.13 Polyphenol oxidase
11.2.2.14 Succinate dehydrogenase
11.2.2.15 Tyrosinase
11.2.2.16 Xanthine oxidase
11.3 Antioxidant activity
11.3.1 Assays
11.3.1.1 DPPH
11.3.1.2 β-Carotene/Linoleic acid bleaching
11.3.1.3 ABTS/TEAC
11.3.1.4 Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power
11.3.1.5 Other redox-based staining agents
11.3.1.6 Superoxide radical scavengers
References
Chapter-12---Validation-of-thin-layer-chroma_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Ch.pdf
12. Validation of thin-layer chromatographic methods
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classical and combined methodologies: common validation characteristics
12.2.1 Specificity
12.2.2 Estimation of LOD and LOQ
12.2.3 Range
12.3 Classical method validation: performance characteristics and their possible improvements
12.3.1 Linearity assessment
12.3.2 Precision
12.3.2.1 Intermediate precision assessment
12.3.2.2 Precision assessment improvement and uncertainty of measurement
12.3.3 “Accuracy” (trueness) and its improvement: accuracy (trueness and precision) assessment
12.3.3.1 “Accuracy” (trueness)
12.3.3.2 Improvement by the estimation of accuracy (trueness and precision)
12.4 Combined method validation
12.4.1 Calibration function assessment
12.4.2 Accuracy (trueness and precision) and accuracy profiles
12.4.3 Uncertainty of measurement
12.5 Examples of combined validation design application to TLC/HPTLC methods
12.5.1 Quantitative determination of stevioside (Stevia sweetener) in yogurt
12.5.2 Quantitative maltodextrins profile from enzymatic digestion of starch
12.5.2.1 Calibration function assessment
12.5.2.2 Accuracy (trueness and precision) and uncertainty of measurement
12.5.3 Acteoside in ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) industrial extracts
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter-13---Data-analysis-tools-in-thin-lay_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Ch.pdf
13. Data analysis tools in thin-layer chromatography
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Software for evaluation of thin-layer chromatograms
13.3 Signal preprocessing—connection between the image of a thin-layer chromatogram and chemometric evaluation
13.4 Chemometric techniques for evaluation of TLC data
13.4.1 Pattern recognition techniques
13.4.1.1 Principal component analysis
13.4.1.2 Cluster analysis
13.4.2 Regression methods
13.4.2.1 Principal component regression
13.4.2.2 Partial least square regression
13.4.2.3 Regression model performance criteria
13.4.3 Classification techniques
13.4.3.1 Linear discriminant analysis
13.4.3.2 Partial least squares discriminant analysis
13.4.4 Multivariate analysis of TLC data in pharmaceutical, food, and natural products research
13.5 HPTLC image–based quantitative analysis
References
Chapter-14---Microfluidic-and-small-scale-pla_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-C.pdf
14. Microfluidic and small-scale planar separation systems
14.1 Important trends influencing separation science
14.2 Microfluidic planar separation systems
14.2.1 Principle of microfluidic separation systems
14.2.2 Microfluidic planar separation systems
14.3 Small-scale planar separation systems
14.3.1 Principle of small-scale systems
14.3.2 Small-scale planar separation systems
14.4 Outlook and perspectives
References
Chapter-15---Application-of-thin-layer-chromatogr_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Lay.pdf
15. Application of thin-layer chromatography to the analysis of saccharides
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Visualization reagents
15.3 Separation of mono- and disaccharides
15.3.1 Saccharide derivatives
15.3.2 Sugar alcohols
15.3.3 Sample application
15.4 Separation of oligosaccharides
15.4.1 Fructooligosaccharides
15.4.2 Glucooligosaccharides
15.4.3 Xylooligosaccharides
15.5 Saccharide mapping
References
Chapter-16---Applications-of-thin-layer-chromato_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Laye.pdf
16. Applications of thin-layer chromatography to the analysis of lipids
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Structures of lipids relevant to this review
16.1.2 How to extract lipids from biological samples
16.2 Thin-layer chromatographic lipid analysis
16.2.1 The stationary phase
16.2.2 Detection systems
16.2.2.1 Nondestructive, nonspecific analyte detection
16.2.2.2 Destructive, nonspecific analyte detection
16.2.2.3 Destructive, specific analyte detection
16.3 Applications of TLC for lipid separations
16.3.1 Fatty acids
16.3.1.1 Determination of differences in length and the number of double bonds
16.3.1.2 Oxidation products of FFAs
16.3.2 Cholesterol and cholesteryl esters
16.3.3 Glycerides
16.3.3.1 Separation of acylglycerols
16.3.3.2 Separation dependence on the degree of saturation
16.3.4 Sphingolipids and glycolipids
16.3.5 Phospholipids
16.3.5.1 One-dimensional TLC
16.3.6 Determination of enzymatic activities
16.3.7 Phospholipid oxidation
16.3.7.1 Two-dimensional TLC
16.3.8 Phosphoinositides
16.4 Coupling TLC with mass spectrometric detection
16.5 Summary and outlook
References
Chapter-17---Applications-in-food-ana_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Chromatog.pdf
17. Applications in food analysis
17.1 Complexity of food samples
17.2 Conventional applications
17.3 Simplicity and sustainability
17.4 Benefits of multidetection
17.5 Method performance
17.6 Powerful hyphenations and multiplex assays
17.7 Portable food analysis system
17.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter-18---Applications-of-thin-layer-chromato_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Laye.pdf
18. Applications of thin-layer chromatography in environmental analysis
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Target compound methods
18.2.1 Antibiotics
18.2.2 Pesticides
18.2.3 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
18.2.4 Sucralose in sewage effluent
18.3 Effect-directed methods
18.3.1 Bioluminescent bacteria
18.3.2 Enzyme inhibition assays for neurotoxins
18.3.3 Photosystem II inhibitor assays for herbicides
18.3.4 Genetically engineered bacteria assays for genotoxins
18.3.5 Genetically modified yeast cells for the assay of hormonal toxins
18.4 Planar solid-phase extraction
References
Chapter-19---Applications-of-thin-layer-chromatog_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Lay.pdf
19. Applications of thin-layer chromatography in the pharmaceutical industry
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Cleaning validation of pharmaceutical equipment
19.3 Enantioseparation, determination and purity evaluation of chiral drugs
19.4 Analysis of mono-component, two-component and multicomponent pharmaceuticals
19.4.1 Purity assessment of pharmaceuticals
19.4.2 Stability-indicating assay in pharmaceutics
19.4.3 Eco-friendly TLC/HPTLC in pharmaceutical analysis
19.5 Biopharmaceutical and preformulation analysis of pharmaceuticals
References
Chapter-20---Applications-of-thin-layer-chromatogr_2023_Instrumental-Thin-La.pdf
20. Applications of thin-layer chromatography in the quality control of botanicals
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Sample preparation
20.3 Thin-layer chromatography in authentication of botanicals
20.3.1 Standardization with use of marker compounds
20.3.2 Construction of fingerprints
20.3.3 Chemometric treatment of thin-layer chromatograms for construction of plant fingerprints
20.3.3.1 Preprocessing of TLC data
20.3.3.2 Chemometric analysis
20.4 Low-temperature thin-layer chromatography as a new old option
20.5 Effect-directed detection in quality control of botanicals
20.6 Thin-layer chromatography for selection of underquality botanicals
20.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter-21---Applications-of-thin-layer-chromatogra_2023_Instrumental-Thin-L.pdf
21. Applications of thin-layer chromatography to the quality control of dietary supplements
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Analytical challenges
21.2.1 Reference standards and standard reference materials
21.2.2 Problems of labeling dietary supplements
21.3 Instrumental TLC
21.3.1 TLC - image analysis
21.3.2 TLC-MS
21.4 Analysis of bioactive ingredients
21.4.1 Carotenoids
21.4.2 Caffeine
21.4.3 Trans-resveratrol
21.4.4 Flavanols
21.4.5 Glucosamine
21.4.6 Other compounds
21.5 Fingerprinting and detection of adulterants
References
Copyright_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Chromatography.pdf
Copyright
Index_2023_Instrumental-Thin-Layer-Chromatography.pdf
Index