Innovations in Graphene-Based Polymer Composites

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Innovations in Graphene-Based Polymer Composites
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Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to graphene-based materials and their composites
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Graphene and graphene oxide
1.2.1. Graphene
1.2.2. Graphene oxide (GO)
1.2.3. Synthesis and functionalization
1.2.3.1. Synthesis approaches
Bottom-up approaches
Top-down approaches
1.2.3.2. Liquid-phase exfoliation
1.2.3.3. Chemical vapor deposition
1.2.3.4. Reduction
Chemical reduction
Thermal reduction
UV light reduction
Electrochemical reduction
1.2.3.5. Functionalization
Van der Waals forces
Electrostatic interaction
Hydrogen bonding
π-π Stacking interaction
Covalent interactions
1.3. Preparation of graphene-containing polymeric composites
1.3.1. Solution mixing
1.3.2. Melt blending
1.3.3. In situ polymerization
1.3.4. Coating fabrication
1.4. Graphene/polymer composite properties
1.4.1. Mechanical properties
1.4.2. Electrical conductivity
1.4.3. Thermal conductivity
1.4.4. Thermocalorimetric transitions
1.4.5. Thermal stability
1.4.6. Dimensional stability
1.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Synthesis of graphene polymer composites having high filler content
2.1. Introduction
2.2. One-dimensional fiber
2.3. Two-dimensional film
2.4. Three-dimensional foam
2.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Graphene-based polymer composites for flame-retardant application
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Flame-retardant property of graphene
3.3. Preparation of graphene-based flame retardants
3.3.1. Covalent modification of graphene by flame retardants
3.3.2. Noncovalent modification of graphene by flame retardants
3.4. Application of graphene-based flame retardants in polymer composites
3.4.1. Pristine graphene
3.4.2. Organic flame-retardants-modified graphene
3.4.3. Inorganic flame-retardants-modified graphene
3.4.4. Dual modification of graphene with both organic and inorganic flame retardants
3.4.5. Physical mixture of graphene with other flame retardants
3.4.6. Graphene-based flame-retardant coatings
3.5. Flame-retardant mechanism of graphene
3.6. Summary
References
Chapter 4: Structural analysis of graphene-based composites
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Static analysis
4.3. Transient/dynamic analysis
4.4. Vibration analysis
4.4.1. Free vibration analysis
4.4.2. Forced vibration analysis
4.5. Buckling and postbuckling analysis
4.5.1. Buckling analysis
4.5.2. Postbuckling analysis
4.6. Effect of environmental variables and postprocessing parameters
4.7. Conclusions and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Graphene-based polymer coatings
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Graphite/graphene-based polymer coatings
5.3. Graphene oxide-based polymer coatings
5.4. Conclusion and future outlook
References
Chapter 6: Graphene-reinforced polymeric membranes for water desalination and gas separation/barrier applications
6.1. Introduction
6.2. 2D nanomaterials
6.3. Ionized polymers
6.4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Modeling and simulation of graphene-based composites
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Characterizing techniques
7.2.1. Experimental approach
7.2.2. Structural mechanics-based approach
7.2.3. Quantum mechanics-based approach
7.2.4. Molecular dynamics-based approach
7.3. Atomistic simulations to characterize the graphene-polymer nanocomposites
7.3.1. Mechanical and fracture properties
7.3.1.1. Polyethylene-based graphene nanocomposites
7.3.1.2. Epoxy-based graphene nanocomposites
7.3.1.3. Polymethyl methacrylate-based graphene nanocomposites
7.3.1.4. Other polymers-based graphene nanocomposites
7.3.2. Thermal properties
7.4. Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites in biomedical applications
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Fabrication of polymer-graphene nanocomposites
8.2.1. Solution intercalation
8.2.2. Melt blending
8.2.3. In situ polymerization
8.2.4. Surface grafting
8.3. Properties of polymer-graphene nanocomposites
8.3.1. Natural polymers
8.3.2. Synthetic polymers
8.4. Biomedical applications of polymer-graphene nanocomposites
8.4.1. Biosensors
8.4.2. Antimicrobial applications
8.4.3. Drug delivery
8.4.4. Tissue engineering
8.4.5. Other applications
8.5. Future perspective
8.6. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: 3D printing of graphene polymer composites
9.1. Introduction
9.2. 3D printing methods for graphene-based composites
9.2.1. Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
9.2.2. Direct ink writing (DIW)
9.2.3. Stereolithography (SLA)
9.2.4. Selective laser sintering (SLS)
9.3. Printable graphene-based polymeric nanocomposite
9.3.1. Graphene family
9.3.2. Printable polymers
9.3.3. Nanocomposite preparation methods
9.3.4. Properties of 3D printed graphene-based nanocomposites
9.4. Applications
9.4.1. Biomedical application
9.4.1.1. Tissue engineering
9.4.1.2. Drug delivery
9.4.2. Energy storage application
9.4.2.1. Lithium-ion batteries
9.4.2.2. Solar conversion devices
9.4.3. Sensors
9.4.3.1. Biosensors
9.4.3.2. Gas sensors
9.4.3.3. Mechanical and chemical sensors
9.4.4. Other applications
9.5. Conclusions and prospects
References
Chapter 10: Dielectric properties of graphene polymer blends
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Materials and preparation method
10.2.1. Materials
10.2.2. Film preparation method
10.3. Dielectric properties and AC conductivity
10.3.1. Dielectric properties and AC conductivity
10.3.2. Modeling of dielectric constant of two-phase composites
10.3.2.1. Wiener bounds
10.3.2.2. Lichtenecker logarithmic rule
10.3.2.3. Bruggeman model
10.3.2.4. Jaysundere-Smith model
10.3.2.5. Maxwell-Wagner model
10.3.2.6. Yamada model
10.4. Enhanced dielectric properties of graphene composite films by electron beam irradiation
10.5. P-E loop/energy efficiency
10.6. Electrical breakdown strength (Eb)
10.7. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11: Graphene-based polymer composite films
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Different types of graphene-based composite membranes
11.2.1. Application research of graphene-based LB films
11.2.2. Application research of graphene-based electrospinning films
11.2.3. Application research of other types of graphene-based composite films
11.3. Conclusion and comment
11.4. Future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: Modeling and prediction of tribological properties of polyetheretherketone composite reinforced with graphene ...
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Experimental procedure
12.3. Configuration of artificial neural network
12.4. Structure of database
12.5. ANN evaluation and optimization
12.5.1. Influence of learning rules
12.5.2. Influence of ANN structure
12.6. Results and discussion
12.6.1. Prediction by ANN
12.7. Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Graphene polymer foams and sponges preparation and applications
13.1. Introduction
13.1.1. Processes based on polymer foaming
13.1.2. Processes based on graphene framework precursor
13.2. Applications
13.3. Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Graphene-based polymer composites for photocatalytic applications
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Principle of photocatalysis
14.2.1. Photocatalysis process
14.2.2. The four steps of the degradation of pollutants
14.2.3. Environmental remediation by photocatalysis
14.2.3.1. Water treatment
14.2.3.2. Air treatments
14.2.4. Photocatalytic measurements
14.3. Titanium dioxide semiconductors
14.3.1. Short review of the principal photocatalytic properties of TiO2
14.3.2. Strategies for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of TiO2
14.3.3. Bandgap engineering of TiO2 by doping
14.3.3.1. Metal doping
14.3.3.2. Nonmetal doping
14.3.4. Bandgap engineering of TiO2 by heterostructures
14.3.4.1. Metal-semiconductor heterostructures
14.3.4.2. Semiconductor-semiconductor heterostructures
14.4. Conjugated systems
14.4.1. Graphene-based composites
14.4.1.1. Synthesis of graphene
14.4.1.2. Synthesis of graphene-based composites
Graphene/inorganic semiconductor composites
Graphene/organic semiconductor composites
Graphene/P3HT composites
14.4.2. Conjugated polymer-based composites
14.4.2.1. Principal conjugated polymers used in composites for photocatalysts
14.4.2.2. Synthesis of TiO2/conjugated polymer composites
14.4.3. Characterization of composites
14.4.3.1. Photoluminescence (PL)
14.4.3.2. Infrared spectroscopy
14.4.3.3. Raman spectroscopy
14.4.3.4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
14.5. Graphene in photocatalysis
14.5.1. Photocatalytic activity in GO
14.5.2. Photocatalytic activity in TiO2/graphene hybrid materials
14.5.2.1. Global description of photocatalytic process
14.5.2.2. Degradation of pollutants
14.5.2.3. CO2 reduction
14.5.3. Photocatalytic activity in conjugated polymers/graphene hybrid materials
14.5.3.1. RGO(GO)/P3HT photocatalysts
Global description of photocatalytic process
Degradation of pollutants
14.5.3.2. g-C3N4/graphene photocatalysts
Global description of photocatalytic process
Degradation of pollutants
Hydrogen evolution reactions
CO2 reduction
14.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Effect of graphene structure, processing method, and polyethylene type on the thermal conductivity of pol
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Experimental
15.2.1. Materials
15.3. Methodology
15.4. Characterization
15.5. Results and discussion
15.6. Effect of melt blending extrusion speed
15.7. Effect of graphene loading and PE type
15.8. Effect of processing method
15.9. Effect of solution processing technique
15.10. Effect of C/O ratio and surface area of graphene
15.10.1. Effect of polyethylene blending
15.11. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16: Functionalization of graphene composites using ionic liquids and applications
16.1. Introduction
16.1.1. Graphene
16.1.2. Ionic liquids
16.2. Functionalization of graphene composites with IL-based materials
16.3. Various applications of IL-GO composites in energy storage devices
16.3.1. Supercapacitors
16.3.2. Solar cells
16.3.3. Rechargeable batteries
16.3.4. Hydrogen production and fuel cells
16.4. Other applications
16.5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 17: 3D printing of graphene-based composites and their applications in medicine and health care
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Graphene-based composites
17.3. 3D printing
17.3.1. 3D bioprinting
17.3.1.1. Droplet-based bioprinting
17.3.1.2. Extrusion-based bioprinting
17.3.1.3. Stereolithography
17.4. Applications in medicine and health care
17.4.1. Tissue engineering
17.4.1.1. Hard-tissue engineering (bones and teeth)
Bone tissue engineering
17.4.1.2. Soft-tissue engineering
Wound healing and skin tissue engineering
Neural tissue engineering
Scaffold
17.5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Graphene/polymer composite membranes for vanadium redox flow battery applications
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Functionalized GO derivatives
18.2.1. Sulfonated graphene oxide
18.2.2. Amine-functionalized graphene oxide
18.2.3. Zwitterion-functionalized graphene oxide
18.3. Properties of graphene/polymer composite membranes
18.3.1. Mechanical properties
18.3.2. Physicochemical properties
18.3.3. VRFB performance
18.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Free vibration analysis of microplates reinforced with functionally graded graphene nanoplatelets
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Modified strain gradient formulation
19.3. Kinematic and constitutive relations
19.4. Solution procedure
19.5. Results and discussion
19.5.1. Validation
19.5.2. Free vibration characteristics of composite microplate reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets
19.6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20: Graphene-based polymer composites in corrosion protection applications
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Carbon-based nanofillers
20.2.1. Graphite
20.2.2. Graphene
20.2.3. Graphite oxide and GO
20.3. GO modification
20.3.1. Covalent modification of graphene oxide
20.3.2. Noncovalent modification of graphene oxide
20.4. Graphene in corrosion science
20.4.1. Graphene films
20.4.2. Graphene-modified polymeric coatings
20.5. Utilization of graphene and derivate in polymeric composites
20.5.1. Barrier properties and impermeability of GO
20.5.2. Surface modification of graphene oxide with inhibitors
20.5.3. Use of graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for corrosion inhibitors
20.6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Graphene/polymer composite application on supercapacitors
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Graphene/conducting polymer composites as electrode materials
21.2.1. Properties of graphene
21.2.1.1. Advantages of graphene over other carbon-based materials
21.2.1.2. Utilization of graphene/conducting polymer as a suitable electrode
21.2.2. Graphene/polyaniline composites
21.2.2.1. Properties of PANi
21.2.2.2. Functionalized graphene/PANi composite
21.2.2.3. Flexible graphene/PANi composite
21.2.2.4. Graphene-PANi/PANi composite on a stainless steel fabric electrode
21.2.3. Graphene/polypyrrole composites
21.2.3.1. Properties of polypyrrole
21.2.3.2. 3-D interconnected graphene/PPy composite
21.2.3.3. Stretchable and bendable graphene/PPy composite
21.2.3.4. Graphene/PPy composite on carbon cloth
21.2.3.5. Melamine-modified graphene/PPy composite
21.2.4. Graphene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composites
21.2.4.1. Properties of PEDOT
21.2.4.2. Graphene/PEDOT nanocomposite using pen lithography
21.2.4.3. Hydrothermal approach for the graphene/PEDOT composite
21.2.4.4. Porous three-dimensional graphene/PEDOT composite
21.3. Comparison of graphene/conducting polymers composites
21.4. Effect of electrolyte on the performance of the graphene/polymer-based supercapacitor
21.4.1. Aqueous electrolytes
21.4.2. Gel polymer electrolytes
21.5. Graphene/nonconducting polymer composites as binders
21.5.1. Graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride composites
21.5.2. Graphene/polytetrafluoroethylene composites
21.6. Conclusion and future outlook
References
Index
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