This volume on Infectious Diseases in an Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology (ESST) addresses the needs of health care providers and policy makers as well as scientists and engineers. Most of chapters in this volume deal with infectious diseases that directly affect humans, including the detailed characterization of specific pathogens, how they reproduce, how they are transmitted, and the means available to control, eliminate, or eradicate them.
In this revised and updated second edition, the number of human infectious diseases covered has been significantly expanded. Other new chapters deal with current leading edge technologies for the diagnosis of pathogens; surveillance including environmental and syndromic surveillance for pathogens; requirements for quality assurance, quality control and the need for biological standards and controls to sustain high quality diagnosis and surveillance; the use of big data for personalized medicine; modeling infectious diseases; zoonotic and vector borne diseases; disease prevention with antibiotics, antivirals and vaccines; and factors that affect ecological balances leading to emergence of new diseases such as climate change and deforestation. Finally, infectious diseases that affect livestock and culture of plants for food, comfort and beauty are also addressed, since we must also consider them when discussing sustainability of humans in our ecosystem.
Author(s): Lester M Shulman
Series: Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology Series
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 486
City: New York
Series Preface
Contents
About the Editor-in-Chief
About the Editor
Contributors
Infectious Diseases: Introduction
Introduction
Bibliography
Infectious Disease Modeling
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
The SIR Model
Host Heterogeneity
Within-Host Dynamics
Multilevel Models
Future Directions
Bibliography
Primary Literature
Books and Reviews
Biological Controls and Standards for the Study and Control of Infectious Diseases
Glossary
Definition and Importance of Subject
Introduction
Emerging Infections: Immune Responses in SARS2 Vaccine Trials
Diagnostic Detection Methods: Nucleic Acid Detection and Hepatitis C
Potency of Vaccines: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Preparation and Establishment of International Standards
Identification of the Project
Approval of the Project by WHO
Starting Material
Filling the Vials
The Collaborative Study: Participating Laboratories
The Collaborative Study: Study Samples
The Collaborative Study: The Assays
The Collaborative Study: The Report
Future Directions
Bibliography
Next-Generation Sequencing in the Study of Infectious Diseases
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
Sample Preprocessing
Library Preparation and Sequencing
Bioinformatics Analyses: Viroinformatics
Virus-Specific Databases
Obtaining Viral Sequences
Virome Discovery
Phylogenetic Analysis
Conclusions
Future Directions
Bibliography
Infectious Diseases, Vibrational Spectroscopic Approaches to Rapid Diagnostics
Glossary
Definition of the Subject and Its Importance
Importance of Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Introduction
Classical Culture-Based Diagnostics
Antibody-Based Diagnostics
Molecular Diagnostics
Limitations of Classical and Conventional Diagnostics
Spectroscopy-Based Diagnostics
Infrared Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy
SERS
Future Directions
Bibliography
Primary Literature
Books and Reviews
Syndromic Surveillance of Infectious Diseases
Glossary Terms
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
Data Retrieval and Analysis in Syndromic Surveillance
Applications of Syndromic Surveillance
Continuous Disease Surveillance
Active Case Finding Using Syndromic Surveillance
Situational Awareness
Detection of Infectious Diseases Among Specific Populations
Mass Gatherings
Migrant Populations
Web-Based Developments
Conclusions
Future Directions
Bibliography
Antibiotics for Emerging Pathogens
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
Factors Contributing to Increased Antibiotic Resistance
Mechanisms by Which Microorganisms Develop Resistance to Antibiotics
Emerging Targets of Antibiotic Molecules
Microbial Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Inhibition
Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Inhibition
Cell Wall Biosynthesis Inhibition
Emerging Chemical Classes of Antibiotic Molecules
Peptidic Antibiotics
Polyketide Antibiotics
Trojan Horse Antibiotics
Future Directions
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Climate Change Effects on Infectious Diseases
Glossary
Definition of the Subject and Its Importance
Introduction
Weather, Climate, and Disease
Spatial
Temporal-Seasonal
Temporal-Interannual
Intensity
Climate Change and Disease
Effects on Pathogens
Effects on Hosts
Effects on Vectors
Effects on Epidemiological Dynamics
Indirect Effects
Other Drivers of Disease
Climate Change and Disease in Wildlife
Wildlife Disease as a Cause of Endangerment
Wildlife Disease as a Source of Infections for Humans and Livestock
How Climate Change Can Influence Wildlife Disease
Dependency of Disease on Climate: The Example of Chytridiomycosis in Amphibians
Evidence of Climate Change´s Impact on Disease
Bluetongue
Malaria
Future Directions
Bibliography
Primary Literature
Books and Reviews
Malaria Vaccines
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
The Malaria Life Cycle
Pathogenesis and Disease
Epidemiology
Immunity
Early Malaria Vaccines
Obstacles to Malaria Vaccines
Preerythrocytic Vaccines
Blood Stage Vaccines
Placental Malaria Vaccines
Transmission-Blocking Vaccines
Multistage, Multi-Antigen Vaccines
Whole-Organism Vaccines
Future Directions
Acknowledgments
Bibliography
Primary Literature
Books and Reviews
Sustainable Radical Cure of the Latent Malarias
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
Malaria
Disease
Treatment
The 8-Aminoquinolines
Plasmochin
Primaquine
Tafenoquine
G6PD Deficiency as a Chemotherapeutics Problem
Military Medicine
Repurposed Tafenoquine
Beneficiaries
Technological Imperatives
Perceptions of the Malaria Problem
Future Directions
Conclusions
Bibliography
Further Reading
Waterborne Plant Viruses of Importance in Agriculture
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
Virus Groups Transmitted Through Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
Family Tombusviridae
Family Virgaviridae
Family Bromoviridae
Family Alphaflexiviridae
Family Solemoviridae
Future Directions
Bibliography
Water-, Sanitation-, and Hygiene-Related Diseases
Glossary and Acronyms
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
Global Guidance for the Control and Elimination of WASH-Related Diseases
Neglected Tropical Diseases
Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Progress Against Global Disease Control Targets
Bacteria: Diarrheal Diseases - Cholera and Typhoid
Control and Elimination Strategies
Treatment
Progress Towards Control and Elimination
Bacteria: Trachoma
Treatment and Elimination Strategies
Progress Towards Control and Elimination
Helminth: Guinea Worm (Dracunculiasis)
Control and Elimination Strategies
Treatment
Progress Towards Eradication
Helminth: Lymphatic Filariasis
Control and Elimination Strategies
Treatment and Morbidity Management
Progress Towards Control and Elimination
Helminth: Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
Control and Elimination Strategies
Treatment
Progress Towards Control and Elimination
Helminth: Schistosomiasis
Control and Elimination Strategies
Treatment
Progress Towards Control and Elimination
Helminth: Soil Transmitted Helminths (Ascaris, Trichuris, Hookworm, and Strongyloides Infections)
Control and Elimination Strategies
Treatment
Progress Towards Control and Elimination
Protozoa: Malaria
Control and Elimination Strategies
Treatment
Current Prophylactics
Bed Nets
Vector Control
Progress Towards Elimination
Virus: Dengue
Control and Prevention Strategies
Treatment
Progress Towards Control and Elimination
Virus: West Nile Fever
Control Strategies
Treatment
Progress Towards Control
Virus: Yellow Fever
Control and Elimination Strategies
Treatment
Progress Towards Control and Elimination
Future Directions
Bibliography
HIV/AIDS Global Epidemic
Glossary
Definition of the Problem
Introduction
Basic Virology of HIV
HIV and the Cause of AIDS
Epidemiology of the Global HIV Pandemic
Eastern and Southern Africa
Asia and Pacific
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
The Caribbean
Latin America
Western and Central Europe and North America
Middle East and North Africa
Prevention of HIV
WHO´s 90-90-90 Recommendations
Genetic Diversity of HIV
Treatment
HIV Reservoirs and Cure Research
HIV Vaccine Strategies
Future Directions
Bibliography
Polio and Its Epidemiology
Glossary
A Brief Definition of Polio and Its Importance
Introduction
The Epidemiology of Polio
Structural and Functional Organization of the Poliovirus Genome
Poliovirus Infections in Cells, Individuals, and Populations
Poliovirus Infections at the Level of the Host Cell
Poliovirus Infections at the Level of the Individual Host
Poliovirus Infections in Populations
Future Directions: The Endgame Stage of Eradication and Sustainability Afterward
Concluding Statement
Bibliography
Tuberculosis, Epidemiology of
Glossary
Definition of the Subject and Its Importance
Introduction
Basic and Descriptive Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
Epidemiological Indicators
Etiologic Epidemiology of Tuberculosis
Natural History
Exposure
Infection
Disease
Mortality
Tuberculosis/HIV Coinfection
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Control of Tuberculosis
Global Epidemiological Situation
Incidence
Prevalence
Mortality
Case Notifications
Treatment Outcomes
Future Directions
Bibliography
Paleopathology of Infectious Human Diseases
Glossary
Definition and Importance of the Subject
Introductory Discussion
M. tuberculosis
Future Directions
Bibliography
Avian Oncogenic and Immunosuppressive Viruses
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Avian Tumors: Viral and Non-viral Etiology
The Avian Oncogenic Viruses
The Immunosuppressive Viruses and Their Impact in Commercial Flocks
The Diversity of Clinical Signs Prior to Tumor Formation
Differential Diagnosis Between Tumors Caused by Avian Oncogenic Viruses
Control by Vaccination
The Oncogene Carried by MDV
Multiple Virus Infections: Clinical Manifestations
Multiple Virus Infections as Revealed by Differential Molecular Diagnosis
Multiple Virus Infections: Intracellular Consequences
Molecular Recombination Between Viruses of the Same Species
Molecular Interactions Between RNA Viruses
Molecular Interactions Between DNA Viruses
Molecular Interactions Between DNA and RNA Viruses
Herpes and Retrovirus Interactions In Vitro and In Vivo
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies: The Complexity of In Vivo Systems Versus In Vitro Systems
Fowlpox Viruses and Retroviruses
Summary and Future Directions
Bibliography
Salmonella in Poultry and Other Birds
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
History
Description
An Overview of Salmonella Typing: Taxonomy and Public Health Perspectives
The Salmonella Genome
Nomenclature and Serotyping
Detection of Salmonella in Clinical Samples, Animal Feces, and Environmental Samples
Origin of Salmonella Infection
Salmonella in Laying Hen Flocks
Sampling for Salmonella in Laying Houses
Matrix of Sampling: Feces, Dust
Salmonella Enteritidis in Chicks
Salmonella Enteritidis in Adult Chickens
Salmonella in Table Eggs and the Effect of Temperature
Salmonella enterica in Chicken Meat
Control of Salmonella in Poultry
From Poultry Salmonellosis to Human Salmonellosis: This Is a Food-Borne Human Disease Rather than a Poultry Disease
Salmonella Prevalence in Israel Poultry Farms
Salmonella in Wild Birds of Israel
Pathogenesis of Nontyphoidal Salmonella
Clinical and Pathological Signs of Nontyphoidal Salmonella in Birds
Fowl Typhoid
Salmonella Genetics
Core Genome and Mobile Elements
Antimicrobial Resistance
Genotypic and Sequence-Based Typing
Molecular Mechanisms of Infection, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Virulence Factors
Future Directions: Prospective Approaches in Salmonella Control
Bibliography
Further Reading: Books and Reviews
Additional Information for Molecular Mechanisms of Infection Found in:
Campylobacter in Poultry and Other Birds
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
History and Classification
Growth Requirements
Incidence and Distribution
Horizontal Transmission
Vertical Transmission
Incubation Period
Clinical Signs and Pathology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Culture-Based Isolation and Detection Methods
Immunological Methods for the Detection of Campylobacter
Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostic Methods
Campylobacter in Israel Poultry Farms
Intervention Strategies, Prospective Approaches, and Future Directions
Bibliography
Newcastle Disease Virus
Glossary
A Brief Definition of NDV and Its Importance
Introduction
Structural and Functional Organization of the NDV Genome
Phylogenetic Classification
NDV Infection at the Level of the Host
Viral Infection
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
NDV Infection in Bird Populations
NDV Diagnosis
NDV Prevention
Vaccines and Vaccination
Biosecurity and Eradication
NDV as an Oncolytic Agent
Future Directions
Bibliography
Vector-Borne Diseases in Ruminants
Glossary
Definition of the Subject
Introduction
Tick-Borne Diseases
Introduction
Protozoan Parasites
Bacterial Pathogens
Viral Pathogens
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)
Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Introduction
Rift Valley Fever (RVF)
Bovine Ephemeral Fever (BEF)
Culicoides (Biting Midges)-Borne Diseases
Introduction
Bluetongue
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD)
Simbu Serogroup Viruses
Tsetse Flies
Introduction
Trypanosomosis
Arthropod-Borne Helminthic Infections
Introduction
Dicrocoelium Spp.
Parafilaria Bovicola
Thelazia Spp.
Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Disease in Ruminants
Conclusions and Future Directions
Bibliography
Index
