Industrial Tribology: Sustainable Machinery and Industry 4.0

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Real Contact Area and Friction: An Overview of Different Approaches
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials and Method
1.3 Results
1.4 Conclusions and Future Development
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Non-Edible Biodegradable Plant Oils: The Future of the Lubricant Industry
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 History and Importance of Lubrication
2.1.2 Definition of Bio-oil
2.1.3 Why Biolubricants
2.2 Extraction Methods
2.2.1 Mechanical Cold Pressing
2.2.2 Solvent Extraction
2.2.3 Enzymatic Oil Extraction
2.3 The Conversion Process to Biolubricants
2.3.1 Transesterification
2.3.2 Hydrogenation
2.3.3 Epoxidation
2.3.4 Direct Mixing of Additives
2.4 Types of Additives Used in Lubricants
2.4.1 Antioxidants
2.4.2 Detergents and Dispersants
2.4.3 Viscosity Modifiers
2.4.4 Viscosity Index Improvers
2.4.5 Rust and Corrosion Inhibitors
2.4.6 Nanoparticles
2.4.7 Pour Point Depressants (PPDs)
2.4.8 Friction Modifiers
2.4.9 Anti-Wear Additives
2.4.10 Extreme Pressure (EP) Additives
2.5 Challenges to Encounter
2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Static Analysis of Journal Bearing with Bionanolubricants Featuring Three-Layered Nanoadditive Couple Stress Fluids
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Biolubricants
3.1.2 Couple Stress Fluids
3.1.3 Nanoparticle Additive Lubricants
3.1.4 Three-Layered Journal Bearing
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Modified Reynolds Equation
3.2.2 Load Capacity
3.2.3 Coefficient of Friction
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Alternative Industrial Biolubricants: Possible Future for Lubrication
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Historical Origin of Industrial Lubricants
4.1.2 Biodegradable Industrial Lubricants
4.1.3 Biodegradable Industrial Lubricants on the Market
4.2 Current Status of the Industrial Lubricants
4.2.1 International Status
4.2.2 Indian Scenario
4.2.3 World Industrial Lubricant Demand
4.3 Environmentally Acceptable Industrial Lubricants
4.3.1 Synthetic Esters
4.3.2 Organic Ester Lubricants
4.3.3 Esterification in the Production of Ester Lubricants
4.3.4 The Advantages of Neopentane-Structured Polyol Esters
4.3.5 Lubrication via Esters
4.4 Applications of Ester Oils in Industrial Lubricants (Work Pursued at IIP)
4.4.1 Neopentyl Polyol Ester Oils
4.4.1.1 Aluminium Cold Rolling Oils
4.4.1.2 Mar Quenching Oils
4.4.1.3 Industrial Gear Oils
4.4.1.4 Fire-Resistant Hydraulic Fluids
4.4.1.5 Automotive Transmission Fluids
4.4.1.6 Metal Working Fluids
4.4.1.7 Automotive Gear Lubricants
4.4.2 Vegetable Oil Ester Base Stocks as Neat Cutting Oils
4.4.3 Multipurpose Grease
4.4.4 Drawbacks of Ester Oils
4.5 Future Work
4.6 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Tribological Performance Involving DOE of an Additively Manufactured Cu-Ni Alloy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.2.1 Materials
5.2.2 Experimental Methods
5.2.2.1 DMLS Procedure
5.2.2.2 Fabricated Specimens with Varied Process Parameters
5.2.2.3 Sliding Wear Behaviour and Friction Measurement
5.2.2.4 Surface Roughness
5.2.2.5 Residual Stress Measurement
5.2.2.6 Microscopic Examination
5.2.3 Design of Experiments of Wear Tests
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Sliding Wear Behaviour and Cof of DMLS Processed Samples
5.3.2 Worn Surface Examination
5.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Tribology of Graphene Oxide-Based Multilayered Coatings for Hydrogen Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Experimental Methods
6.2.1 Coating Deposition
6.2.2 Characterizations of (PEI/GO) 15 Coatings
6.2.3 Tribological Testing
6.2.4 Density Functional Theory (DFT) Simulations
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Coating Characterization Results: Morphology and Growth
6.3.2 Tribological Test Results
6.3.3 Worn/Wear Debris Microstructural Characterization
6.3.4 Raman Characterization Results
6.3.5 DFT Simulations
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7: Analysis of Frictional Stress Variations along Tooth Contact of Spur and Helical Gears
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodology
7.3 Validation of Frictionless Spur and Helical Gear Models
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Spur Gear Analysis
7.4.2 Helical Gear Analysis
7.4.2.1 Helical Gear Pair with 5-Degree Helix Angle
7.4.2.2 Helical Gear Pair with 15-Degree Helix Angle
7.4.2.3 Helical Gear Pair with 25-Degree Helix Angle
7.4.2.4 Helical Gear Pair with 35-Degree Helix Angle
7.4.3 Romax Analysis Results of the Spur and Helical Gear Pairs
7.4.3.1 Romax Spur Gear Analysis
7.4.3.2 Romax 5-Degree Helical Gear Analysis
7.4.3.3 Romax 15-Degree Helical Gear Analysis
7.4.3.4 Romax 25-Degree Helical Gear Analysis
7.4.3.5 Romax 35-Degree Helical Gear Analysis
7.4.4 Overall Comparison of Contact Stresses
7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Squeaking in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Scoping Review on a Biotribological Issue
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Squeaking
8.3 Squeaking Investigations Methods
8.3.1 Finite Element Analysis
8.3.2 In-vivo and in-vitro Experiments
8.4 Literature Overview on Squeaking
8.5 Conclusions and Research Directions
Funding
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9: Synovial Lubrication Modeling of Total Hip Replacements Using Musculoskeletal Multibody Dynamics
9.1 Introduction: The Biotribology of the Human Articulations
9.2 A Numerical Lubrication Model for a Spherical Joint
9.2.1 The Reynolds Equation Applied to the Artificial Hip Joint
9.2.2 Numerical Algorithm
9.3 Musculoskeletal Multibody Model of the Lower Limb
9.3.1 Kinematical Analysis of Constrained Multibody Systems
9.3.2 Muscular Action Modelling
9.3.3 Static Optimization for the Inverse Dynamics
9.4 Application to the THR Wear Assessment during the Gait
9.5 Conclusions
Funding
Bibliography
Chapter 10: The Role of Surface Engineering in Tribology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Role of Surface Engineering
10.3 Surface Mechanism
10.4 Importance of Pre-Treatments Before the Coating Process
10.5 Coating Techniques
10.5.1 Cold Spray Coating
10.5.2 Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO)
10.5.3 Electroless Coating
10.5.4 HOVF
10.6 Surface Modification
10.7 Importance of Post-Treatment Process in Coating
10.7.1 Shot Peening
10.7.2 Flame Hardening
10.7.3 Induction Hardening
10.7.4 Carburizing & Carbonitriding
10.7.5 Nitriding
10.7.6 Ion Implantation
10.7.7 FSP
10.8 Summary
References
Chapter 11: A Review on Tribological Investigations for Automotive Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Automotive Friction
11.1.2 Tribological Wear
11.1.3 Automotive Lubricants
11.2 Tribology Phenomenon in Automotive Applications
11.3 Application Examples of Tribology in Automotive
11.3.1 Frictional and Wear Characteristics of a Cylinder and Piston Assembly
11.3.2 Friction of Different Clutches
11.4 Factors Affecting Tribological Performance in the Automobile
11.4.1 Energy Losses in Vehicles
11.4.2 Energy Losses in the Engine
11.4.3 Energy Losses in Lubricants
11.5 Automotive Tribology
11.5.1 Engine
11.5.1.1 Importance of Engine Tribology
11.5.1.2 Lubrication Regimes in the Engine
11.5.1.3 Engine Bearing
11.5.1.4 Piston Assembly
11.5.1.5 Valve Train
11.5.2 Transmission and Driveline
11.5.2.1 Transmission
11.5.2.2 Universal and Steady Velocity Joints
11.5.2.3 Wheel Bearing
11.5.2.4 Drive Chains
11.6 Advance Development Trends
11.6.1 Automotive Tribology
11.6.2 Nanotribology Developments and Industrial Needs
11.7 Future Research Work
11.8 Summary and Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Tribology in the Automotive Sector
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Automobile Tribology Phenomena
12.3 Tribology and the Vehicle Body
12.4 Tribology in the Prime Mover
12.4.1 Triblogy in Electrical Automotive Vehicles (EAVs)
12.5 Tribology in the Power Train or Transmission System and Driving System
12.5.1 Propeller Shaft
12.5.2 Clutches
12.5.3 Gearbox
12.5.4 Axle Assembly and Wheels
12.5.5 Road Wheels/Tyres
12.5.6 Steering Mechanism
12.6 Tribology in the Braking and Suspension Systems
12.6.1 Braking System
12.6.2 Suspension Mechanism
12.7 Lubricants
12.7.1 Thin Film or Boundary Lubrication
12.7.2 Fluid Film or Hydrodynamic Lubrication
12.7.3 Extreme Pressure Lubrication
12.7.4 Classification of Lubricants
12.8 Green Tribology
12.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13: Tribocorrosion in the Automotive Sector
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Corrosion
13.2.1 Major Forms of Corrosion
13.3 Tribocorrosion
13.3.1 Working Principle of Tribocorrosion
13.3.2 Calculation of Total Loss
13.3.3 Calculation of the Corrosion Rate
13.3.4 Bode and Nyquist Plot
13.3.5 Tafel Plot
13.4 Application of Nanomaterials in Tribocorrosion
13.5 Effect of Tribocorrosion in the Automotive Sector
13.6 A Method to Improve Tribocorrosion in the Automobile Sector
13.7 The Effect of Tribocorrosion in Industrial Applications
13.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Numerical Solution of Reynolds Equation for a Compressible Fluid Using Finite Volume Upwind Schemes
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Numerical Scheme
14.3 Results
14.4 Summary
References
Chapter 15: Tribological Performance of Optimal Compound-Shaped Texture Profiles for Machine Components
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Numerical Model
15.3 Design and Optimization
15.4 Results and Discussion
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Case Study: Wear Behavior of Different Seal Materials under Dry-Lubricated Conditions
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Experimental Procedures
16.2.1 Sample Materials
16.2.2 Measurement of Surface Characteristics
16.2.3 Tribometer and Method
16.3 Results and Discussions
16.4 Conclusions
References
Index