Industrial Power Systems with Distributed and Embedded Generation

Cover
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction, review of electric circuits
Objectives and abstract
1.1 Introduction, power system structure, brief history of power system
1.2 Electric circuit review
1.2.1 Linearity and superposition
1.2.2 DC vs AC power systems
1.2.3 Resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuit elements
1.2.4 Effective or RMS value
1.3 Phasor representation
1.4 Power in single-phase AC circuits
1.5 Power factor correction—brief introduction
1.6 Electrical energy
1.7 Measurement units used in energy systems
1.8 Chapter summary
Further readings
Questions and problems
2 Power system basics
Objectives and abstract
2.1 Introduction, power system basics
2.2 Sources of energy
2.3 Power system structure and components
2.4 Three-phase systems
2.4.1 Balanced loads
2.4.2 Mixed connection circuits, wye–delta connection
2.5 Power relationships in three-phase circuits
2.6 Per-unit system
2.7 Voltage and frequency characteristics
2.8 Chapter summary
Further readings
Questions and problems
3 Transformers and electrical motors
Objectives and abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Transformers in electrical systems
3.1.2 Electromechanical energy conversion systems
3.2 Transformer theory, construction, and design
3.2.1 Polarity of transformer windings
3.2.2 Practical (non-ideal) transformers
3.2.3 Voltage regulation
3.2.4 Multi-winding transformer
3.2.5 Transformer ratings, categories, types, and tap changers
3.2.6 Transformer connections
3.2.7 Transformer efficiency
3.3 AC electrical motors
3.3.1 Electric motor fundamentals
3.3.2 Synchronous motors
3.3.3 Induction motors
3.4 DC machines
3.5 Chapter summary
Further readings
Questions and problems
4 Load characteristics, wiring, and power cables
Objectives and abstract
4.1 Introduction, building energy analysis, and electrical design procedure
4.1.1 Electrical design procedure and building energy analysis
4.1.2 Branch circuits and feeders
4.2 Load estimate and calculations
4.2.1 Convenience power, connected and demand loads
4.2.2 Lighting load estimate methods
4.2.3 Dedicated and general-purpose receptacle load estimates
4.2.4 Equipment, auxiliary, industrial, and motor load calculations
4.2.5 Heating, cooling, electric cooking, and laundry equipment
4.2.6 Load and correction factors estimate applications
4.3 Conductors and cables
4.3.1 Conductor types and sizes
4.3.2 Cable impedance calculations
4.3.3 Conductor ampacity
4.3.4 Cable corrections factors
4.3.5 Voltage drop calculation
4.3.6 Cable construction
4.4 Wiring devices
4.4.1 Switches
4.4.2 Receptacles
4.4.3 Disconnect switches
4.5 Summary of the load computation procedure and cable sizing
4.6 Chapter summary
References and further readings
Questions and problems
5 Power distribution, load, and motor centers
Outline and abstract
5.1 Introduction, power distribution, and electrical services
5.1.1 Electrical services and industrial power distribution
5.2 Power distribution networks
5.2.1 Power distribution configurations
5.2.2 Feeder voltage drops, electric distribution losses, and power factor control
5.3 Power distribution system characteristics and components
5.3.1 Power distribution equipment and components
5.3.2 Three-phase power distribution, grounded, and ungrounded systems
5.3.3 Power distribution transformers and devices
5.4 Industrial power distribution and building power supply systems
5.4.1 Switchgears, load, and motor centers
5.4.2 Switchgear and motor control center ratings
5.5 Chapter summary
References and further readings
Questions and problems
6 Building electrical systems and industrial power distribution
Outline and abstract
6.1 Introduction, facility power supply calculations, and design
6.2 Building electrical system characteristics
6.3 Branch circuits and feeders
6.4 Cable installations, raceways, and conduits
6.5 Panel-boards and industrial power distribution
6.5.1 Panel-board and switchboards calculations and ratings
6.5.2 Load and motor centers
6.5.3 Load center, switchgear and motor control center ratings
6.6 Chapter summary
Further readings
Questions and problems
7 Lighting systems
Objectives and abstract
7.1 Introduction, lighting basics
7.2 Lighting in engineering, architecture, industrial process, and building operation
7.3 Lighting theory and illumination calculation methods
7.3.1 Basic parameters used in lighting physics
7.3.2 The visible spectrum and color
7.3.3 Color specifications and characteristics
7.3.4 Light control and basic concepts in optics
7.4 Lighting equipment and systems
7.4.1 Light sources and systems
7.4.2 Lamp efficiencies, control, and electrical requirements
7.4.3 Common lamp luminances and luminaires
7.5 Indoor and outdoor lighting design
7.5.1 Factors affecting the selection of the light sources and equipment
7.5.2 Lighting design project structure and criteria
7.5.3 Indoor lighting design methods
7.5.4 Outdoor lighting design
7.6 Chapter summary
References and further readings
Questions and problems
8 Motor control and protection, drives, and applications
Objectives and abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Poly-phase induction motor control schemes and methods
8.2.1 Induction motor starting methods
8.2.2 Voltage drop during the start-up of induction motors
8.2.3 Induction motor speed control
8.3 Starting and speed control of synchronous motors
8.4 AC motor protection methods
8.4.1 Unbalanced phase motor protection
8.4.2 Low voltage, undervoltage, voltage drop, and break motor protection
8.5 Single-phase motor control
8.6 DC motor protection and control methods
8.7 Electric drives
8.8 Summary
References and further readings
Questions and problems
9 Wind and solar energy
Objectives and abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wind energy
9.2.1 Wind energy resources
9.2.2 Air density, temperature, turbulence, and atmospheric stability effects
9.2.3 Wind shear, wind profile, wind gust, and other meteorological effects
9.2.4 Wind velocity statistics
9.2.5 Wind statistical models
9.2.5.1 Methods for Weibull model fits
9.2.6 Rayleigh probability distribution
9.3 Wind direction
9.4 Wind energy estimation
9.5 Wind energy conversion systems
9.5.1 Wind energy conversion system components
9.6 Solar energy
9.6.1 Solar resources
9.7 Photovoltaics
9.7.1 PV cell manufacturing technologies
9.7.2 PV modules and arrays
9.7.3 PV system configuration and sizing
9.8 Chapter summary
References and further readings
Questions and problems
10 Geothermal energy, small hydropower, and bioenergy
Objectives and abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Geothermal energy
10.2.1 Geothermal energy origins and resources
10.2.2 Surface geothermal technology and reservoir characteristics
10.2.3 Direct use of geothermal energy
10.2.3.1 Assessing feasibility of direct use applications
10.2.3.2 District heating
10.2.4 Geothermal heat pumps
10.2.5 Electricity from geothermal energy sources
10.3 Small hydropower
10.3.1 Small and mini hydropower
10.3.2 Small hydroelectric power technology
10.3.2.1 Impulse turbines
10.3.2.2 Reaction turbines
10.3.2.3 Pump as hydroelectric turbine
10.3.3 Generators and control
10.4 Bioenergy, biofuel, biomass, and waste energy
10.5 Chapter summary
Further readings
Questions and problems
11 Energy storage systems
Objectives and abstract
11.1 Introduction and energy storage importance
11.2 Energy storage functions and applications
11.2.1 Summary of benefits from energy storage
11.3 Energy storage system types
11.3.1 Pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES)
11.3.2 Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
11.3.3 Electrochemical energy storage
11.3.4 Battery operation principles and battery types
11.3.5 Battery fundamentals, parameters, and electric circuit models
11.3.5.1 Summary of battery parameters
11.3.6 Flow batteries and special battery types
11.3.7 Fuel cells and hydrogen energy
11.3.7.1 Hydrogen storage and economy
11.3.7.2 Fuel cell principles and operation
11.3.7.3 Fuel cell types and applications
11.3.8 Flywheel energy storage (FES)
11.3.9 Superconducting magnetic energy storage
11.3.10 Supercapacitors
11.4 Chapter summary
References and further readings
Questions and problems
12 Distributed generation, microgrids, thermal energy storage, and micro-combine heat and power generation
Objectives and abstract
12.1 Introduction, distributed, and dispersed generation
12.1.1 Thermal engineering basics
12.2 Energy conservation and efficiency in building and industrial energy systems
12.3 Thermal energy storage systems
12.4 Microgrids and building integrated renewable energy systems
12.4.1 Microgrid concepts and architecture
12.4.2 Building thermal energy storage applications
12.5 Micro-combined heat and power generation
12.5.1 Micro-combined heat and power system structure and configurations
12.5.2 Micro-CHP economics
12.6 Chapter summary and discussions
References and further readings
Questions and problems
13 Energy management, RES, and distributed generation economics
Objectives and abstract
13.1 Introduction, DG, and RES economical aspects
13.2 EMS in manufacturing, industrial, and commercial sectors
13.2.1 Identification of energy usage factors and parameters
13.3 Energy management principles and methods
13.4 Energy audit and energy conservation
13.4.1 Types and structure of energy audits
13.4.2 Energy audit structure and phases
13.5 Renewable energy economics
13.6 Chapter summary
References
Questions and problems
14 Post-face and pedagogical suggestions
14.1 Book overview
14.2 Pedagogical approaches and suggestions for instructors
Appendix A Common parameters, units, and conversion factors
Appendix B Design parameters, values, and data
Appendix C Design parameters, conversion factors, and data for renewable energy conversion systems
Index
Back Cover