Impacts of Urbanization on Hydrological Systems in India

Preface
Introduction
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: GIS-Based Multi-criteria Decision Analysis for Identifying Rainwater Harvesting Structures Sites in a Semiarid River Basin
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Overview of Study Area
2.2 Data Acquisition
2.3 Extraction of Thematic Layers
2.3.1 Runoff Coefficient Map Preparation
2.4 Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
2.5 Development of Rainwater Harvesting Potential Map
2.6 Identification and Prioritization of Suitable Sites
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Features of the Thematic Layers
3.1.1 Land Use/Land Cover
3.1.2 Soil
3.1.3 Slope
3.1.4 Drainage Network
3.1.5 Drainage Density
3.2 Runoff Coefficient Maps
3.3 Assignment of Weights to Thematic Layers
3.4 Rainwater Harvesting Potential Map
3.5 Zones/Sites for RWH and Artificial Recharge Structure
3.6 Prioritized Sites/Zones for RWH and Artificial Recharge
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Hydrochemical Investigation and Water Quality Mapping in and Around Pallikaranai Marshland Area in Chennai, India
1 Introduction
1.1 Reviews on Investigation of Water Quality
2 Description of the Study Area
3 Material and Methods
4 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Catchment Scale Modeling of Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussions
5 Change Detection
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Urban Floods: A Case Study of Patna Floods 2019 – Natural or Anthropogenic?
1 Introduction
1.1 Urban Floods
1.2 Causes of Urban Floods
1.3 Urban Floods and Anthropogenic Activities
1.4 Urban Floods and Climate Change
2 Study Area
2.1 Patna City
2.2 Demography and LULC
2.3 Climate of Patna City
2.4 A General Review of Patna City Flood 2019
3 Materials and Methodology
3.1 Data Used
3.2 Methodology Adopted
3.3 Use of Remote Sensing in Flood Management
3.4 Runoff Estimation Using GIS
4 Results
4.1 Rainfall Events of 2013 and 2019
4.2 LULC of 2013 and 2019
4.3 Runoff for 2013 and 2019
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Flood Susceptibility Zonation Using Dempster-Shafer Evidential Belief Function (EBF) Method in Chalakudy Taluk, Kerala, India
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
4 Geospatial Database Generation
4.1 Flood Inventory Mapping
4.2 Flood Conditioning Factors
4.2.1 Elevation
4.2.2 Slope
4.2.3 Slope Aspect
4.2.4 Plan Curvature
4.2.5 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI)
4.2.6 Stream Power Index (SPI)
4.2.7 Land Use Land Cover (LULC)
4.2.8 Lithology
4.2.9 Soil Type
4.2.10 Proximity to Drainage
4.2.11 Rainfall
5 Applying Dempster-Shafer Evidential Belief Function (EBF) Method in FSZ Mapping
5.1 Dempster’s Rule of Combination
5.2 Belief Summation
6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Relationship Between Conditioning Factors with Past Flood Occurrence
6.2 Flood Susceptibility Zonation (FSZ) Mapping
6.3 Accuracy Assessment of the Methods
7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Impact of Urbanization on Ganga River Basin: An Overview in the Context of Natural Surface Water Resources
1 Introduction
2 Urbanization and Surface Water Bodies in the Ganga River Basin
3 Impact of Urbanization on Surface Water Bodies in the Ganga River Basin
3.1 Extinction of Lakes, Ponds, and Wetlands
3.2 Fragmentation of Rivers
3.3 Degraded Water Quality
3.4 Decreased Water Quantity
3.5 Increased Sediment Load
3.6 Disturbed Hydrology of the Region
4 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Urban Water Scarcity: A Global Challenge and Impending Solutions
1 Introduction
1.1 Current and Projected Urban Water Scarcity
2 Causes for Alteration in Urban Water Environment
2.1 Population Growth
2.2 Over Consumption
2.3 Water Pollution
2.4 Erratic Monsoon
2.5 Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Cities
2.6 Groundwater Depletion and Spreading the Cone of Depression
2.7 Issue of Land Subsidence
3 Urban Water Scarcity Solutions
3.1 Urban Water Management
3.1.1 Green Infrastructures
3.1.2 Virtual Water Trade
3.1.3 Aquifer Recharge
3.1.4 Inter-basin Water Transfer
3.1.5 Stormwater Management
3.1.6 Nonrevenue Water
3.1.7 Reuse of Water
3.2 Resilient Approaches for Sustainable Water Use
3.2.1 Smart Cities
3.2.2 Climate-Resilient Planning
3.2.3 Exploring Alternative Water Sources
3.2.4 Citizen’s Behavioral Change
3.2.5 Taxes and Investments
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Groundwater Scarcity in Urban Areas Is a Major Issue: Case Studies from West Bengal
1 Introduction
1.1 Geophysical Survey for Groundwater Exploration
2 Literature Review
2.1 Water Scarcity
2.2 Use of Electrical Resistivity Method in Groundwater Hydrogeology
3 Case Study I: Water Scarcity in Purulia
3.1 Study Area
3.1.1 Geology
3.1.2 Hydrogeology
3.1.3 Drainage Pattern
3.2 Prospecting the Potential Aquifers
3.2.1 Vertical Electrical Sounding Data Acquisition
3.2.2 Analysis of Data
3.3 Conclusion
4 Case Study II: Water Scarcity in Bankura
4.1 Study Area
4.2 Geology and Hydrogeology
4.2.1 Drainage Pattern
4.3 Prospecting the Potential Aquifers
4.3.1 Vertical Electrical Sounding Data Acquisition
4.3.2 Analysis of Data
4.4 Conclusion
5 Recommendations
5.1 Short-Term Measures
5.2 Long-Term Measures
References
Chapter 9: Impact of Urbanization and River Morphology on Groundwater System in Patna Urban Area, Bihar, India
1 Introduction
1.1 Study Area
1.2 River Bank Morphology
1.3 Hydrogeology
1.4 Groundwater Recharge Potential
2 Numerical Groundwater Model
2.1 Aquifer Geometry
2.2 Hydraulic Properties
2.2.1 Initial Head
2.2.2 Model Boundary Conditions
2.3 Model Simulation
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Key Issues and Feasibility
1 Introduction
2 Historical Development
3 Material and Methods
4 Feasibility Issues
4.1 ASR Feasibility Studies
5 Geochemical Technical Issues
6 Case Study: El-Paso Texas
References
Chapter 11: Temporal Prediction of Groundwater Levels: A Gap in Generalization
1 Introduction
2 Case Study
3 Material and Methods
3.1 Data Selection
3.2 Data-Driven Models
3.2.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
3.2.2 Support Vector Regression (SVR)
3.2.3 Performance Evaluation Measures
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Artificial Neural Network
4.1.1 Estimation of Network Architecture
4.1.2 Pattern Analysis for the Training and the Testing Sets
4.2 Support Vector Machine
4.2.1 Choice of Kernel
4.2.2 Linear Polynomial Kernel Function
4.2.3 Pearson-Type VII Kernel Function
4.2.4 Radial Basis Kernel Function
4.2.5 Comparison of Different Kernel Functions
4.2.6 Application of the Appropriate Kernel (Radial Basis Function)
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking and Agricultural Use in Patna District, Bihar, India
1 Introduction
2 Groundwater Scenario in India
3 Groundwater Scenario in Bihar
3.1 Seasonal Fluctuation
3.2 Annual Fluctuation
3.3 Decadal Fluctuation
3.4 Groundwater Contamination
4 Study Area
5 Methodology
6 Results and Discussion
6.1 Suitability for Drinking Purposes
6.2 Irrigation Suitability
7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Groundwater Potential Assessment Using GIS-Based Weighted Linear Combination Technique: A Case Study of Hard Rock Terrain Around Bhopal, India
1 Introduction
2 Study Area and Geological and Hydrogeological Setting
3 Data Used and Methodology
3.1 Development of Thematic Layers and Weightage Criteria
3.2 Ranking Criteria of Hydrological Parameters
3.3 Methodology for Groundwater Potential Mapping
4 Result and Discussion
5 Field Validity of Groundwater Potential Map
6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 14: The Effect of Urbanization on Groundwater Quality and Hydrochemical Characteristics in Ennore Coastal Aquifers of Chennai, South India
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
3.1 Outcomes and Argument
3.2 Groundwater Facies
3.3 Seawater Contamination Studies
4 Statistical Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Groundwater Contamination in Parts of Northwestern Hyderabad: A Hydrogeochemical and Geospatial Approach
1 Introduction
2 Location and Study Area
3 Geology and Hydrogeomorphology
4 Materials and Methods
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Increased Urbanization
5.2 Physicochemical Characteristics
5.3 Trace Elements
5.4 Impact on Health
5.5 Contamination Schema
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Groundwater Recharge in Dras Sub-Basin of Upper Indus River Basin, Western Himalayas
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Methodology
3.1 Sampling and Laboratory Analysis
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Isotopic Variation in Groundwater
4.2 Groundwater Recharge Sources
4.3 Impact of Warming on Groundwater Recharge
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Impact of Urbanization on Groundwater in Changing Climatic Scenario: A Case Study
1 Introduction
1.1 Location of Study Area
2 Factors Influencing Urban Hydrogeological Conditions
2.1 Geomorphology and Geology
2.2 Hydrogeology
2.3 Long-Term Rainfall and Temperature
2.4 Demographic Changes
3 Discussions
3.1 Change in Land Use Landcover
3.1.1 Micro Morphometric Changes
3.2 Inference from Study of Ponds
3.3 Disposal of Liquid Waste
3.4 Disposal of Solid Waste
3.5 Groundwater Depletion
3.6 Groundwater Quality
3.7 Land Subsidence
4 Conclusions
References
Index