Immobilization on Polymers

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Proteins
1.1. Covalently Binding Proteins to Carriers
1.1.1. Acylation Reactions
1.1.1.a. Acylation by Polymeric Acyl Azides
1.1.1.b. Acylation in the Presence of Carbodiimides
1.1.1.c. Acylation in the Presence of Woodward Reagent
1.1.1.d. Acylation with Polymer Anhydrides
1.1.1.e. Acylation by Cyclic Carbonates of Polymer Alcohols
1.1.1.f. Acylation by Activated Esters
1.1.1.g. Other Acylation Methods
1.1.2. Azocoupling Reaction
1.1.3. Formation of Azomethine Derivatives
1.1.4. Use of Polyimide Carbonates
1.1.5. Use of Carriers Containing Isocyanate and Isothiocyanate Groups
1.1.6. Use of Polymer with Active Halogen Atom
1.1.6.a. Polymers Containing Chlorotriazine Groups
1.1.6.b. Polymers Containing Active Halogen Atoms at Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon Atoms
1.1.6.c. Polymers Containing Activated Halogen Atoms, Included in Inorganic Groups
1.1.7. Use of Epoxy-Containing Polymers
1.1.7.a. Characteristic Features of Reaction of Proteins with Epoxy-Containing Polymers
1.1.7.b. Use of Homo- and Copolymers of Epoxy-Containing Monomers
1.1.7.c. Use of Other Synthetic Epoxy-Containing Polymers
1.1.7.d. Use of Polysaccharides Containing Epoxy Groups
1.1.7.e. Use of Grafted Copolymers of Polysaccharides and Epoxy-Containing Polymers as Carriers
1.1.8. Other Methods
1.1.8.a. Use of Ugi Method
1.1.8.b. Thiol-Disulphide Exchange
1.1.8.c. Reactions with Polymer Imidoesters
1.1.8.d. Use of Carriers with Activated Double Bond
1.1.8.e. Radical Reactions
1.1.8.f. Rare and New Methods
1.1.9. Temporary Immobilization of Proteins in Covalent (Chemospecific) Chromatography
1.1.10. Solid-Phase Analysis of Amino Acid Sequence of Proteins
1.2. Methods of Protein Immobilization Other than Covalent Binding
1.2.1. Immobilization by Ionic Bond
1.2.2. Immobilization with the Help of Coordination Bond
1.2.3. Immobilization through Adsorption Interaction between Protein and Carrier
1.2.4. Mechanical Immobilization of Proteins Using Polymers
1.2.4.a. Gel-Entrapping Immobilization
1.2.4.b. Microencapsulation
1.2.4.c. Entrapment into the Structure of Polymer Fibers, Membranes
1.3. Certain Types of Proteins
1.3.1. Immobilization and Modification of Hemoglobin
1.3.2. Immobilization and Modification of Insulin
Chapter 2: Amino Acids, Peptides
2.1. Immobilization of Amino Acids on Carriers in Synthesis of Polypeptides
2.2. Amino Acids and Peptides in Synthesis of Affinity Sorbents
2.3. Introduction of Amino Acid and Peptide Residue into Polymers with Pharmaceutical Applications
2.4. Other Areas Related to Amino Acids Immobilization
Chapter 3: Polymeric and Low-Molecular Saccharides
3.1. Polysaccharides
3.1.1. Immobilization of Heparin
3.1.2. Immobilization of Other Polysaccharides
3.2. Low-Molecular Saccharides
3.2.1. Synthesis of Immobilized Monosaccharides by Polymerizing their Unsaturated Derivatives
3.2.1.1. Vinyl Ethers
3.2.1.2. Allyl, Methallyl and Other Alkene Ethers
3.2.1.3. Ethers of Unsaturated Acids
3.2.2. Synthesis of Immobilized Disaccharides
3.2.3. Immobilization of Amino Derivatives of Mono- and Oligosaccharides and Aminosugars
3.2.3.1. Aminosugars
3.2.3.2. Amino Derivatives of Mono- and Oligosaccharides
3.2.4. Polymeric Derivatives of β-Cyclodextrin
Chapter 4: Nucleic Acids and their Components
4.1. Nucleic Acids and Polynucleotides
4.1.1. Binding Unmodified Polynucleotides and Nucleic Acids to Carriers
4.1.2. Binding Modified Polynucleotides and Nucleic Acids to Carriers
4.2. Nucleic Acid Bases
4.2.1. Polymerization Reaction
4.2.2. Use of Polycondensation Processes
4.2.3. Use of Chain Substitution Reaction
4.3. Nucleosides
4.4. Nucleotides
4.4.1. Interaction of Carriers with Unmodified Nucleotides
4.4.2. Interaction of Carriers with Modified Nucleotides
4.4.2.1. Reaction with the Participation of Reactive Groups, Introduced into the Phosphoryl Residues of Nucleotides
4.4.2.2. Reactions Involving Reactive Groups Introduced into the Carbohydrate Residue of Nucleotides
4.4.2.3. Reaction with the Participation of Reactive Groups, Introduced into the Nucleic Base Residue
Chapter 5: Coenzymes
5.1. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
5.1.1. Binding Unmodified NAD and NAD(p) to Carriers
5.1.1.1. Reactions with the Participation of Phosphoryl Residues
5.1.1.2. Reaction with the Participation of the OH-Group of the Ribose Ring
5.1.1.3. Reactions with the Participation of the Purine Group
5.1.2. Interaction of Modified NAD+ (NAD(p)+ ) with the Carrier
5.1.2.1. Reaction with the Participation of Active Groups Introduced into Ribose Residue
5.1.2.2. Reactions with the Participation of Active Groups, Introduced into Position 8 of Adenine Residue
5.1.2.3. Reaction with the Participation of Active Groups, Introduced into Position 6 of Adenine Residue
5.1.2.4. Reactions with the Participation of Nicotinamide Group
5.2. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Pyridoxal-5'-Phosphate
5.3. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Other Coenzymes
Chapter 6: Antibiotics
6.1. Obtaining Polymeric Salts of Antibiotics
6.2. Obtaining Polymers with Antibiotics Covalently Bound to the Carrier
Chapter 7: Alkaloids
7.1. Alcaloids of the Pyridine Group
7.1.1. Synthesis of Monomers
7.1.2. Synthesis of Polymers
7.2. Alkaloids of the Quinoline Group
7.3. Alkaloids of Isoquinoline Group
Chapter 8: Vitamines
Chapter 9: Steroids
Chapter 10: Phytohormones and Other Plant Growth Regulators
10.1. Carboxyl-Containing Plant Growth Regulators
10.1.1. Synthesizing Polymeric Derivatives
10.1.1.1. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Auxins and their Synthetic Analogues
10.1.1.2. Synthesis of Polymeric Derivatives of Other Carboxilic Acid Used as Plant Growth Regulators
10.1.2. Properties of Polymeric Derivatives of Biologically Active Carboxylic Acids
10.1.2.1. Reaction to Hydrolysis
10.1.2.2. Biological Activity
10.2. Heterocyclic Plant Growth Regulators and Herbicides
10.2.1. Polymeric Derivatives of Cytokinins
10.2.2. Polymeric Derivatives of Heterocyclic Herbicides
10.2.3. Other Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators
Chapter 11: Other Naturally Occurring Substances
11.1. Tannins
11.2. Lipids
11.3. Representatives of Other Naturally Occurring Substances
Chapter 12: Immobilization of Cells
12.1. Interaction with Carriers
12.2. Mechanical Methods of Immobilization
12.2.1. Entrapping Cells into the Gel Obtained by the Polymerization of Unsatured Monomers
12.2.2. Entrapping Cells into Gel Obtained by Polycondensation or Polyaddition
12.2.3. Entrapping Cells into Gel Derived from Polymers Capable of Forming 3-D Structure
12.2.4. Entrapping Cells into Gel Derived from Unstructured Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Polymers
12.2.5. Encapsulation and Mechanical Containment
Chapter 13: Polymers as Carriers of Naturally Occurring Compounds
13.1. Common Types of Carriers
13.1.1. Naturally Occurring Polymers
13.1.1.1. Polysaccharides and their Derivatives
13.1.1.2. Proteins and their Derivatives
13.1.2. Synthetic Polymers
13.1.2.1. Styrene Polymers
13.1.2.2. Polymers of Derivatives of Acrylic Acids
13.1.2.3. Polyvinyl Alcohol
13.1.2.4. Polymeric Amines
13.1.2.5. Polymeric Aldehydes
13.1.2.6. Polyglycols
13.1.2.7. Polyvinyllactams
13.1.2.8. Polyamides
13.1.2.9. Other Synthetic Polymers
13.1.2.10. Composite Carriers
13.2. Structural Peculiarities of Carriers
13.2.1. Molecular Mass
13.2.2. Molecular-Weight Distribution, Compositional Heterogeneity, Blocking Degree, Composition, Structure
13.2.3. Carriers’ Capacity for Degradation
13.2.4. Immunogenicity of Carriers
13.2.5. Structure of a Side Chain
13.2.6. Realisation Degree of Carrier-Ligand Bonds
13.2.7. Other Factors
13.3. Polymers as Carriers of Medicinal Preparations
Conclusions
Commercial Carriers and Sorbents
Subject Index